From ammonia

As constituents of proteins the amino-acids are important constituents of the food of animals. Certain amino-acids can be made in the body from ammonia and non-nitrogenous sources others can be made from other amino-acids, e.g. tyrosine from phenylalanine and cystine from methionine, but many are essential ingredients of the diet. The list of essential amino-acids depends partly on the species. See also peptides and proteins. 

M.p. 234-235 C. Hydrolyses to aspartic acid. L-asparagine can be prepared from lupin seedlings, and DL-asparagine is synthesised from ammonia and maleic anhydride. L-asparagine is very widely distributed in plants, being found in all the Leguminosae and Gramineae, and in many other seeds, roots and buds. 

Alkanolamines with at least one NCH2CHOHCH,i grouping. Important materials include monoisopropanolamine NHX H CHOHCH, b.p. 159 C di-iso-propanolamine NH(CH CHOHCH b.p. 248 C triisopropanolamine NtCH -CHOHCHi). , b.p. 300 C. Manufactured from ammonia and propylene oxide. U ed, is weedkillers, as stabilizers for plastics, in detergents, alkanolaniine soaps for sweetening natural gas and in synthesis. 

In the presence of catalyst, usually platinum, ammonia is oxidised by oxygen (and air) to nitrogen oxide. NO. This reaction, used to obtain nitric acid from ammonia (p. 238), can be demonstrated in the laboratory using the apparatus shown in Figure 9.4 the oxygen rate should be slow. 

Hydroxylamine is derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydroxyl group. It is prepared by the electrolytic reduction of nitric acid, using a lead cathode ... 

Chlorine will also remove hydrogen from hydrogen sulphide, liberating sulphur, and from ammonia, liberating nitrogen ... 

Step 2 The anion radical is a strong base and abstracts a proton from ammonia ... 

Step 4 Proton transfer from ammonia converts the alkenyl anion to an alkene ... 

Glutamic acid is formed m most organisms from ammonia and a ketoglutaric acid a Ketoglutaric acid is one of the intermediates m the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle) and arises via metabolic breakdown of food sources carbohy drates fats and proteins... 

Urea [57-13-6] was discovered ia urine by Rouelle ia 1773 and first synthesized from ammonia (qv) and cyanic acid by Woehler ia 1828. This was the first synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic compound, and it dealt a deathblow to the vital-force theory. In 1870, urea was produced by heating ammonium carbamate ia a sealed tube. 

CoF is used for the replacement of hydrogen with fluorine in halocarbons (5) for fluorination of xylylalkanes, used in vapor-phase soldering fluxes (6) formation of dibutyl decalins (7) fluorination of alkynes (8) synthesis of unsaturated or partially fluorinated compounds (9—11) and conversion of aromatic compounds to perfluorocycHc compounds (see Fluorine compounds, organic). CoF rarely causes polymerization of hydrocarbons. CoF is also used for the conversion of metal oxides to higher valency metal fluorides, eg, in the assay of uranium ore (12). It is also used in the manufacture of nitrogen fluoride, NF, from ammonia (13). 

Early in the twentieth century, the first attempts to manufacture formamide directiy from ammonia and carbon monoxide under high temperature and pressure encountered difficult technical problems and low yields (23). Only the introduction of alkaU alkoxides in alcohoHc solution, ie, the presence of alcoholate as a catalyst, led to the development of satisfactory large-scale formamide processes (24). 

This is a stepwise process in which chloramine [10599-90-3] is first formed from ammonia and hypochlorite in a rapid reaction at low temperature ... 

In practice, ammonia is most frequendy used. With hexa, the initial reaction steps differ, but the final resole resins are identical, provided they contain the same number of nitrogen and CH2 groups. Most nitrogen from ammonia or hexa is incorporated as diben2ylamine with primary, tertiary, and cycHc amine stmctures as minor products. 

Table 1. Physical Properties of Alkanolamines Prepared from Ammonia and Olefin Oxides...

Ammonia is used in the fibers and plastic industry as the source of nitrogen for the production of caprolactam, the monomer for nylon 6. Oxidation of propylene with ammonia gives acrylonitrile (qv), used for the manufacture of acryHc fibers, resins, and elastomers. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), produced from ammonia and formaldehyde, is used in the manufacture of phenoHc thermosetting resins (see Phenolic resins). Toluene 2,4-cHisocyanate (TDI), employed in the production of polyurethane foam, indirectly consumes ammonia because nitric acid is a raw material in the TDI manufacturing process (see Amines Isocyanates). Urea, which is produced from ammonia, is used in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde synthetic resins (see Amino resins). Melamine is produced by polymerization of dicyanodiamine and high pressure, high temperature pyrolysis of urea, both in the presence of ammonia (see Cyanamides). 

Removing Carbon Oxides from Ammonia Synthesis Gas," Nitrogen 180, 20—30 (July-Aug. 1989). 

Manufacture. Historically, ammonium nitrate was manufactured by a double decomposition method using sodium nitrate and either ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride. Modem commercial processes, however, rely almost exclusively on the neutralization of nitric acid (qv), produced from ammonia through catalyzed oxidation, with ammonia. Manufacturers commonly use onsite ammonia although some ammonium nitrate is made from purchased ammonia. SoHd product used as fertilizer has been the predominant form produced. However, sale of ammonium nitrate as a component in urea—ammonium nitrate Hquid fertilizer has grown to where about half the ammonium nitrate produced is actually marketed as a solution. 

Membranes are also used to separate gases, for example, the production of N2 and O2 from air and the recovery of hydrogen from ammonia plant purge gas. The working principle is a membrane that is chemically tuned to pass a molecular type. 

By-Products. Almost all commercial manufacture of pyridine compounds involves the concomitant manufacture of various side products. Liquid- and vapor-phase synthesis of pyridines from ammonia and aldehydes or ketones produces pyridine or an alkylated pyridine as a primary product, as well as isomeric aLkylpyridines and higher substituted aLkylpyridines, along with their isomers. Furthermore, self-condensation of aldehydes and ketones can produce substituted ben2enes. Condensation of ammonia with the aldehydes can produce certain alkyl or unsaturated nitrile side products. Lasdy, self-condensation of the aldehydes and ketones, perhaps with reduction, can lead to alkanes and alkenes. 

Succinic acid reacts with urea in aqeous solution to give a 2 1 compound having mp 141°C (116,117), which has low solubiUty in water. A method for the recovery of succinic acid from the wastes from adipic acid manufacture is based on this reaction (118,119). The monoamide succinamic acid [638-32-4] NH2COCH2CH2COOH, is obtained from ammonia and the anhydride or by partial hydrolysis of succinknide. The diamide succinamide [110-14-3], (CH2C0NH2)2, nip 268—270°C, is obtained from succinyl chloride and ammonia or by partial hydrolysis of succinonitrile. Heating succinknide with a primary amine gives A/-alkylsucckiknides (eq. 9). 

Ammonium thiosulfate, stable as a solution, is produced ia the form of a 56—60% solution from ammonia and soHd sulfur or an H2S-rich gas stream or both soHd sulfur and H2S gas streams (68). As a result of avadabihty, only development of solutions for processing x-ray and color film and prints has been encouraged. The evolution of automatic processors to develop and print color reinforced the trend toward use of solutions. Most x-ray laboratories and automatic film and print processors require almost immediate results. 

Toray. The photonitrosation of cyclohexane or PNC process results in the direct conversion of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone oxime hydrochloride by reaction with nitrosyl chloride in the presence of uv light (15) (see Photochemical technology). Beckmann rearrangement of the cyclohexanone oxime hydrochloride in oleum results in the evolution of HCl, which is recycled to form NOCl by reaction with nitrosylsulfuric acid. The latter is produced by conventional absorption of NO from ammonia oxidation in oleum. Neutralization of the rearrangement mass with ammonia yields 1.7 kg ammonium sulfate per kilogram of caprolactam. Purification is by vacuum distillation. The novel chemistry is as follows ... 

These processes have been used in many plants to remove carbon dioxide from ammonia synthesis gas or natural gas. They are most effective if the... 

In early times hydrogen cyanide was manufactured from beet sugar residues and recovered from coke oven gas. These methods were replaced by the Castner process in which coke and ammonia were combined with Hquid sodium to form sodium cyanide. If hydrogen cyanide was desired, the sodium cyanide was contacted with an acid, usually sulfuric acid, to Hberate hydrogen cyanide gas, which was condensed for use. This process has since been supplanted by large-scale plants, using catalytic synthesis from ammonia and hydrocarbons. 

In one patent (31), a filtered, heated mixture of air, methane, and ammonia ia a volume ratio of 5 1 1 was passed over a 90% platinum—10% rhodium gauze catalyst at 200 kPa (2 atm). The unreacted ammonia was absorbed from the off-gas ia a phosphate solution that was subsequently stripped and refined to 90% ammonia—10% water and recycled to the converter. The yield of hydrogen cyanide from ammonia was about 80%. On the basis of these data, the converter off-gas mol % composition can be estimated nitrogen, 49.9% water, 21.7% hydrogen, 13.5% hydrogen cyanide, 8.1% carbon monoxide, 3.7% carbon dioxide, 0.2% methane, 0.6% and ammonia, 2.3%. 

In the BMA process, methane (natural gas) and ammonia are reacted without air being present (44). The reaction is carried out in tubes that are heated externally to supply the endothermic heat of reaction very similar to a reformer. Yield from ammonia and methane is above 90%. The off-gas from the converter contains more than 20 mol % hydrogen cyanide, about 70 mol % hydrogen, 3 mol % ammonia, 1 mol % methane, and about 1 mol % nitrogen from ammonia decomposition. 

---