Synthetic ammonia

I) Anhydrous Ammonia Synthetic. The methods of analysis described in US Spec JAN-A-182 were used (See under Ammonia, Analytical Procedures.)... 

Ammonia, synthetic anhydrous (100%) 10.33 Mil. Short Tons 2009 Census CIR... 

Nitrogen compounds degradable to ammonia Synthetic solutions Dialysis Fluorimetry 1 x 10 6-1.0 x 10 3 mol L-1 Flow injection system four parallel reactors for increasing sampling rate enzymatic formation of ammonia aqueous o-phthalaldehyde solution as the acceptor stream [543]... 

In 1913, the German dye industry accounted for 88 per cent of the world s synthetic dyestuffs (by value).This monopoly was shattered in 1914. The Allied powers were forced to develop, or at least expand, their own organic intermediates and dye industries. After 1918, these strategic industries were sheltered from German competition by a number of protectionist measures. This led naturally to a fall in German dye exports, and the German share of world synthetic dyestuffs production declined to a mere 39 per cent in 1921. At the same time, the war had accelerated the movement of the German dye companies into new sectors, particularly synthetic ammonia, synthetic petrol and synthetic rubber. 

Amorim, X, G. Baravian and G. Sultan (1996) Absolute density measurements of ammonia synthetized in N2-H2 mixture discharges. Applied Physics letters 68, 1915-1917 Amundson, R. (2001) The soil carbon cycle. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 29, 535-562... 

Synthetic Fibres Plastics Ammonia Synthetic Rubber Fuel... 

The availability of these ammonia synthetic equivalents provides two good options when considering an amine TM. The -NH2 group can be converted to either the phthalimide group or an -N3 group. After this FGI, disconnection of the resulting structure at the C-N bond leads to reasonable starting materials. 

An FGI on the secondary amine TM leads to either an amide or an imine. Further disconnection of either the amide or the imine results in a commercially available electrophile (benzoyl chloride or benzaldehyde, respectively) and an amine nucleophile (2-methylbutan-1-amine). Presumably, this amine structure is complex enough (i.e., expensive enough) that it too should be synthesized, so the retrosynthesis continues with another FGI. The use of an ammonia synthetic equivalent, such as an azide, does not help to simplify the carbon structure, but a retrosynthesis involving a nitrile includes an eventual disconnection of a C-C bond. 

Fig. 3.82 Ammonia synthetic rate and displayed structural sensitivity on five of iron crystal faces...

The performance of catalyst generally refers to selectivity (no selectivity for ammonia synthetic catalyst) and stability including chemical stability (deactivation) and physical stability (heat-resistance, mechanical strength). 

One of the keys to achieve the synthesis process at 7.5 MPa is to use ammonia synthesis catalyst used in low temperature and low pressure. A301 and ZA-5 catalysts with wiistite as precursors have very high activity at low temperature and low pressure, which establish a good foundation for developing ammonia synthetic process at low pressure and created favorable conditions. Tables 9.4-9.7 have shown the operating data of A301 loaded in the bypass device in a plant which was measured in the actual industrial conditions. 

Sheng JJ, et al. Ammonia Synthetic Engineering, 3rd, Beijing Chemical Industry Press, 1977. 

The catalytic conversion of organic sulfur compounds in coal gas to be used as fuel is no longer a commercially significant operation. However, the technology is important in the purification of gas streams used in the synthesis of ammonia, synthetic natural gas, methanol, and other chemicals. It is also a necessary part of Claus type sulfur plant technology however, this application is covered in Chapter 8. 

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