Ames salmonella

Celanese Chemical Co., Inc., Mutagenicity Evaluation of n-PropylAlcohol in the Ames Salmonella Microsome Plate Test, Litton Bionetics, Inc., Kensington,... 

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Pednekar MD, Gandhi SR, Netrawali MS. 1987. Evaluation of mutagenic activities of endosulfan, phosalone, malathion, and permethrin, before and after metabolic activation, in the Ames Salmonella test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38 925-933. 

Schrader T J, Cherry W, Soper K, Langlois I and Vijay H M (2001), Examination of Altemaria altemata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella Test , Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 21, 261-274. 

Mutagenicity. The mutagenicity of nitro PAHs has been studied most extensively in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay ( 5). The mutagenicities of representative nitro PAHs in this assay are shown in Table I. Some of the more important features regarding their mutagenicity can be summarized as follows ... 

Monomethylhydrazine-induced mutagenesis was not observed in Ames Salmonella/ microsome with activation (Matheson et al. 1978). In vivo tests in mice (dominant lethal, revertants in host-mediated assay), and dogs (micronuclei) were negative (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). However, in vitro chromosomal damage in human and rat tissue has been demonstrated, although in vivo liver DNA damage (as determined by DNA alkaline elution) was equivocal (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). 

Matheson et al. (1978) reported the results of a battery of in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the genotoxicity of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Included were the Ames Salmonella microsome assay, a microbial suspension assay, mutation induction at the TK locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, stimulation of UDS in WI-38 cells, and a dominant lethal assay in mice. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was active in all of the tests except the dominant lethal assay. 

The Ames Salmonella typhimurium microsome reverse mutation test (ability to produce point gene mutations of a base pair). 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay 97 Anticancer activity of iV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides 115... 

IV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides, biological activity, 97-115 anticancer activity of, 115 mutagenicity of, in Ames Salmonella/ microsome assay, 97-115 IV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides, chemical reactivity, 59-96 factors contributing, 59-60 nucleophilic substitution reactions, see Nucleophilic substitution reactions solvolysis studies, see Solvolysis... 

The Ames salmonella-microsome test is a principal sensitive mutagen screening test. Compounds are tested on the mutants of Salmonella typhimurium for reversion from a histidine requirement back to prototrophy. A positive result is seen by the growth of revertant bacteria (which do not require an external histidine source). A microsomal activation system should be included in this assay. The use of five different bacterial test strains are generally required. 

Ashwood-Smith, M.J. (1980). Stability of frozen microsome preparations for use in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Mutation Res. 69 199-200. 

Barber ED, Donish WH, Mueller KR. 1981. A procedure for the quantitative measurement of the mutagenicity of volatile liquids in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutat Res. 90 31-48. 

Hughes TJ, Simmons DM, Monteith LG, et al. 1987. Vaporization technique to measure mutagenic activity of volatile organic chemicals in the Ames/ Salmonella assay. Environ Mutagen 9 421-441. 

Diphenylamine was not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella lyphimurium test. ... 

Nonylphenol was not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay." A threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA) has not heen established for nonylphenol. 

Negative results were reported in various mutagenic assays including the Ames Salmonella assay (with or without microsomal activation), sister chromatid exchange assay in mouse lymphoma cells, mouse bone marrow cyto-genic analysis, and mouse dominant lethal assay ... 

A study of the mutagenicity of ZDC used a battery of in vitro mutagenicity studies. ZDMC and ZDEC were positive in both the Ames Salmonella lyphimurium assay and the human lymphoqnie cell mutation assay but not in the mouse lymphoma cell mutation assay. In contrast, ZDBC was not positive in the assays. 

FIGURE 10.14 Diagram of procedure for the standard Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay for chemical mutagens (Maron and Ames, 1983). 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP, XXVIII) is a powerful human cell mutagen in strain hlAlv2, 7 times more potent than BaP (Durant et al., 1996 Hannigan et al., 1998), and a strong promutagen in both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Eisenstadt and Gold, 1978) and the Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 forward mutation assay (Kaden et al.., 1979) ... 

TA100 see article) without S9 mix ( —S9, direct activity) and with added S9 (+ S9, indirect activity, promutagens) using a preincubation procedure (Yahagi et al., 1977) of the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames et al., 1975 Maron and Ames, 1983). 

FIGURE 10.20 Seasonal concentrations of benzol a Jpyrene (ng m-1) and direct (-S9 mix) and indirect ( + S9 mix) mutagenicities (rev m 3) on TA98, Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay with the preincubation procedure of Yahagi et al. (1977) of ambient aerosols collected annually during the winter, spring, summer, and autumn for 18 years (1974-1992) in Sapporo, Japan (adapted from Matsumoto et al., 1998). 

Stark and co-workers (1985) reported that irradiation of a 0.1 mM solution of 1-nitropyrene in 2-propanol with light from 320 to 418 nm changes its absorption spectrum and concurrently results in almost total loss of its direct ( —S9) or activatable ( + S9) mutagen activity in the Ames Salmonella assay. 

Greibrokk, T., G. Lofroth, L. Nilsson, R. Toftgard, J. Carlstedt-Duke, and J. Gustafsson, Nitroarenes Mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella./Microsome Assay and Affinity to the TCDD-Recep-tor Protein, in Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds (D. E. Rick-ert, Ed.), pp. 166-183, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC, 1985. 

Hughes, T. J., D. M. Simmons, L. G. Monteith, and L. D. Claxton, Vaporization Technique to Measure Mutagenic Activity of Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Ames/Salmonella Assay, Environ. Mutagen., 9, 421-441 (1987). 

Ichinotsubo, D., Mower, H. Mandel, M. (1981) Mutagen testing of a series of paired compounds with the Ames Salmonella testing system. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds,... 

Lofroth, G, Nilsson, L. Andersen, J.R. (1986) Stracture-activity relationship of nitroalkane-induced mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella assay. Genetic toxicology of environmental chemicals, Part B Genetic effects and applied mutagenesis. Prog. din. biol. Res., 209B, 149-155... 

In February 1980, urine samples were obtained from nine workers for mutagenicity testing by the Ames Salmonella test... 

---