Ames Salmonella/microsome assay

Matheson et al. (1978) reported the results of a battery of in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the genotoxicity of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Included were the Ames Salmonella microsome assay, a microbial suspension assay, mutation induction at the TK locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, stimulation of UDS in WI-38 cells, and a dominant lethal assay in mice. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was active in all of the tests except the dominant lethal assay. 

Mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay 97 Anticancer activity of iV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides 115... 

IV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides, biological activity, 97-115 anticancer activity of, 115 mutagenicity of, in Ames Salmonella/ microsome assay, 97-115 IV-acyloxy-iV-alkoxyamides, chemical reactivity, 59-96 factors contributing, 59-60 nucleophilic substitution reactions, see Nucleophilic substitution reactions solvolysis studies, see Solvolysis... 

Barber ED, Donish WH, Mueller KR. 1981. A procedure for the quantitative measurement of the mutagenicity of volatile liquids in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutat Res. 90 31-48. 

Greibrokk, T., G. Lofroth, L. Nilsson, R. Toftgard, J. Carlstedt-Duke, and J. Gustafsson, Nitroarenes Mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella./Microsome Assay and Affinity to the TCDD-Recep-tor Protein, in Toxicity of Nitroaromatic Compounds (D. E. Rick-ert, Ed.), pp. 166-183, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC, 1985. 

Azizan A and Blevins RD (1995). Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol, 28, 248-258. 

Marvin CH, McCarry BE, Villella J, et al. 2000. Chemical and biological profiles of sediments as indicators of sources of contamination in Hamilton Harbour. Part II Bioassay-directed fractionation using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Chemosphere 41 989-999. 

Others. Fo-ti (type not specified) is reported to be nonmutagenic per the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay the hyd-xoxyanthraquinones in its aqueous extract (decoction) had antimutagenic effects. The same effect was also demonstrated by the root extract in a Tradescantia micronucleus assay. The authors attributed the antimutagenic effect to a possible combination of antioxidant, radical scavenging, and DNA repair activity of fo-ti. Raw fo-ti has cathartic activities. 

Monomethylhydrazine-induced mutagenesis was not observed in Ames Salmonella/ microsome with activation (Matheson et al. 1978). In vivo tests in mice (dominant lethal, revertants in host-mediated assay), and dogs (micronuclei) were negative (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). However, in vitro chromosomal damage in human and rat tissue has been demonstrated, although in vivo liver DNA damage (as determined by DNA alkaline elution) was equivocal (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). 

The Ames salmonella-microsome test is a principal sensitive mutagen screening test. Compounds are tested on the mutants of Salmonella typhimurium for reversion from a histidine requirement back to prototrophy. A positive result is seen by the growth of revertant bacteria (which do not require an external histidine source). A microsomal activation system should be included in this assay. The use of five different bacterial test strains are generally required. 

Ashwood-Smith, M.J. (1980). Stability of frozen microsome preparations for use in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Mutation Res. 69 199-200. 

In Chapter 1 Bruce N. Ames, the plenary speaker at the symposium, describes the development of the Salmonella/microsome assay, which is better known as the Ames Test. This test was the first proven rehable and rapid in-vitro method for the mutagenic and carcinogenic screening of chemicals. Included is an excellent overview of the potential problem of human exposure to toxic substances as well as a description of how this important method is being used to test chemical substances. 

The overall concentration factor from the water phase to final concentrate is between 30,000 and 60,000. One milliliter of each concentrate was assayed by the Ames Salmonella microsome mutagen. The 1 mL of DCM was evaporated to dryness by evaporation under nitrogen, and the organics were redissolved in DMSO. This last step causes a loss of volatile organics. 

Although aniline per se is not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay system, the urine of rats that received aniline orally was mutagenic for S. typhimurium when the assay was performed in the presence of liver microsomes from PCB-induced rats. Aniline is positive in the in vitro sister chromatid... 

Mortelmans K, Zeiger E. The Ames Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res 2000 455 29-60. 

For an overview and procedures for running the Ames test, see Mortelmans, K., Zeiger, E. The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat. Res. 2000, 455, 29-60. 

McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E., and Ames, B.N., Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/ microsome test assay of 300 chemicals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 5135, 1975. 

Negative results were reported in various mutagenic assays including the Ames Salmonella assay (with or without microsomal activation), sister chromatid exchange assay in mouse lymphoma cells, mouse bone marrow cyto-genic analysis, and mouse dominant lethal assay ... 

Williams, L. R. Preston, J. E. Interim Procedures for Conducting the Salmonella-Microsomal Mutagenicity Assay (Ames Test) Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Las Vegas, NV, 1983 EPA-600/4-82-068. 

McCann, Joyce Choi, Edmund Yamosaki, Edith Ames, Bruce N. Detection of Carcinogens as Mutagens in the Salmonella/Microsome Test Assay of 300 Chemicals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1975, 72, (12), pp. 5135. 

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