Alkylphenol degradation

Ethoxylated andSulfatedAlkylphenols. Because these aLkylphenols degrade less readily than the sulfated alcohol ethoxylates, their anticipated expansion failed to materialize, although by 1965 they were widely used in retail detergent products. Sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are used in hospital cleaning products, textile processing, and emulsion polymerization. Sulfated alkyphenol ethoxylates are sold as colorless, odorless aqueous solutions at concentrations of >30%. The presence of ethylene oxide in the molecule increases resistance to hardness ions and reduces skin irritation. Representative commercial sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are given in Table 12. 

Analysis of potential endocrine disrupters, such as alkylphenols (degradation products of non-ionic surfactants), diphenolalkanes (cumylphenol, bisphenol-A, bisphenol-F) and benzophenones (from the paper industry) with RPLC-SSI-QITMS in the negative ion mode has been described [631]. 

Maki H, N Masuda, Y Fujiwara, M He, M Fujita (1994) Degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates by Pseudomonas sp strain TROl. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2265-2271. 

Vega Morales T, Torres PadronME, Sosa FerreraZ, Santana Rodriguez JJ (2009) Determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in liquid and solid samples. TrAC,... 

La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E, Mainor TM (2001) Alkylphenol ethoxylate degradation products in land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ Sci Technol 35 4798 1804... 

Surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and alkylphenol ethoxylates, are present in whitewaters because of their use as cleaning agents or as additives in antifoamers, deinkers, dispersants, etc. The non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) degrade to nonylphenol (NP) or to a... 

SPECTROMETRY—III. NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS LC-MS AND LC-MS-MS OF ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES AND THEIR DEGRADATION PRODUCTS... 

In this chapter, all four types of sediment and sludge sample handling techniques for non-ionic surfactants will be discussed and compared. Most of the studies published on non-ionics focus on APEOs and their degradation products, viz. the alkylphenols, but some extraction methods for alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs) and coconut diethanol amides will also be discussed. 

Analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylates and degradation products in drinking water... 

In more recent in-depth investigations on this issue [22], a series of chlorinated and brominated by-products of alkylphenolic surfactants and their degradation intermediates formed during chlorine disinfection of raw water were identified using mass spectrometry (Table 6.6.2). 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

Bennett, E.R. and Metcalfe, C.D. 2000, Distribution of degradation products of alkylphenol ethoxylates near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, North America. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 784-792. 

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