Al adequate intake

Comparison of the components of the Dietary Reference Intakes. EAR = Estimated Average Requirement RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance Al = Adequate Intake UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level. 

Al, adequate intakes NE, niacin equivalents PN, parenteral nutrition RDA, recommended dietary allowances RE, retinal equivalents TE, tocopherol equivalent. 

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is not required in the diet because it can be synthesized in the body. The components of phosphatidylcholine (including choline) all can be produced, as shown in Figure 33.28. A pathway for de novo choline synthesis from glucose exists, but the rate of synthesis is inadequate to provide for the necessary amounts of choline. Thus, choline has been classified as an essential nutrient, with an Al (adequate intake) of 425 mg/day in females and 550 mg/day in males. 

Note-. Al, adequate intake RDA, recommended daily allowance. http //www.iccidd.org/pages/iodine-deficiency.php http //books. nap.edu/openbook. php record id= 10026 page=272. 

DRIs, dietary reference intakes Al, adequate intake.Data from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, Amino Acids. Washington, DC The National Academies Press. 

LRNI, Lower Reference Nutrient Intake RNI, Reference Nutrient Intake Al, Adequate Intake RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance. Sources UK Department of Health (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41. London HMSO. USA Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. Washington, DC National Academy Press. WHO/FAO WHO/FAO (2002) Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand. Rome WHO/ FAO. 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) refer to nutrient intake values estimated to be adequate for 50% of age- and gender-specific groups. As seen in the table below, DRIs are comprised of RDAs in bold type and Adequate Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by asterisk ( ). These values may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are estimated to meet the needs of most individuals (97% to 98%). For healthy breast-fed infants, the Al represents mean intake. For all other life-stage groups, the Al is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent specifying with confidence with percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 

TABLE 6.2 Criteria upon which Adequate Intake (Al) values were based for calcium by life stage groups"... 

Fluorine is ubiquitous in the nature and is consequently an inevitable part of the biosphere and human life. The adequate intake (Al) of fluoride ion from all sources is set at... 

Fluorine is available to humans, plants and animals mainly in the form of fluoride ion (F ). Body fluoride status depends on numerous factors, including the total amount of fluoride ingested daily, its bioavailability and metabolism. The adequate intake (Al) of fluoride from all sources is set by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of the Dietary Reference Intakes at 0.05 mg/day/kg body weight this intake is recommended for all ages above 6 months, because it confers a high level of protection against dental caries and is not associated with any known unwanted health effects [8]. 

This paper is written with the aim of providing sufficient background to help understand the mechanism of action of fluoride ion on humans. The main focus is on the effects of fluoride on dental health, in-depth discussion of skeletal fluorosis and use of fluoride for treating osteoporosis being outside the scope of this paper. Current information on the main sources of human exposure to fluoride and current recommendations for adequate intake (Al) of fluoride, as well as methods for assessing exposure, will be reviewed. 

Table 9. Overview of adequate intakes (Als) for fluoride by age groups based on an Al for fluoride of 0.05 mg/day/kg body weight from all sources [8]...

Adequate Intake (Al) The Al is set instead of an RDA if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an EAR or RDA The Al is based on estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. For example, the Al for young infants, for whom human milk is the recommended sole source of food for the first four to six months, is based on the estimated daily mean nutrient intake supplied by human milk for healthy, full-term infants who are exclusively breast-fed. 

Recommended daily requirement [RDA] or adequate intake [Al] for men and nonpregnant women 30-50 years old. Values may differ for children, older adults, and pregnant women. 

On April 7-9,1999, an international working group of scientists met at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland (USA) to discuss the scientific evidence relative to dietary recommendations of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (Simopoulos, et al., 1999). The latest scientific evidence based on controlled interventiontrials in infant nutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mental health was extensively discussed. Tables Al and A2 include the Adequate Intakes (Al) for omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids for adult and infant formula/diet, respectively. 

Adults. The working group recognized that there are not enough data to determine Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), but there are good data to make recommendations for Adequate Intakes (Al) for Adults as shown in Table Al. 

If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an Estimated Average Requirement, a reference intake called an Adequate Intake (Al) is used instead of a Recommended Dietary Allowance. The Al is a value based on experimentally derived intake levels or approximations of observed mean nutrient intakes by a group (or groups) of healthy people. The Al for children and adults is expected to meet or exceed the amount needed to maintain a defined nutritional state or criterion of adequacy in essentially all members of a specific healthy population LA = linoleic acid LNA = n-linolenic acid DHA = docosahexaenoic acid EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid TRANS-EA = trans fatty acids SAT = saturated fatty acids MONOs = monounsaturated fatty acids. 

Selenium is known to be an essential micronutrient for humans and animals therefore, inadequate as well as excessive selenium intake can cause adverse health effects. The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has established adequate intakes (AI) of 15-20 pg/day for infants based on the selenium content of milk of well nourished, but unsupplemented, mothers (NAS 2000). No data were available on which to base RDAs for children or adolescents and so the RDAs for children and adolescents are extrapolated from adult values. Studies of selenium deficient populations suggest that children are more susceptible to the effects of selenium deficiency and have the highest need for selenium of any individuals in the population (Chen et al. 1980 Yang et al. 1988). 

Many studies have described how L-tryptophan itself may be an important regulator of hepatic protein synthesis under normal or abnormal conditions.14 16 Based upon these reports, the hypothesis of Gessa et al.3 that the primary effect of administering a tryptophan-free amino acid mixture that lowers endogenous tryptophan serum levels via increased incorporation of tryptophan into hepatic and other proteins must be viewed with caution. Possibly, the overall decrease in serum tryptophan that occurs is due to decreased ingestion of tryptophan along with adequate intake of other amino acids which may stimulate muscle protein catabolism. This may liberate tryptophan and other amino acids into the circulation, which may rapidly enhance hepatic protein synthesis and thereby deplete plasma tryptophan levels. This mechanism was proposed earlier in studies with dietary tryptophan deficiency.17... 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Adequate Intake (Al) Tolerable Upper Intake Leyel (UL)... 

Tree nuts can be good dietary sources (>10% of recommended dietary allowances [RDA] or adequate intake [Al]) of most vitamins except vitamins A and cobalamin (B,2). At suggested consumption level (1.5 ounces or 42.5g/day), acorn and pine nuts are excellent sources of folate and vitamin K (Table 2.7). In case of thiamin (Bj), niacin (B3), and pyridoxine (Bg), tree nuts offer alternative sources of these vitamins when more abundant animal sources are not available or are not consumed. 

The importance of the minerals and the consequences of their deficiency are well known [28], The mineral contents of Chinese, European, and Japanese chestnuts are listed in Table 11.2 [22], European chestnut has the highest potassium content compared to Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. Magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese contents are higher in Chinese chestnut than in European and Japanese chestnuts. On the other hand, Japanese chestnut contains the highest amounts of calcium, iron, sodium, zinc, and copper contents among these three varieties. The minimum and maximum percentages of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) or adequate intake (Al) of these minerals obtained by... 

There have been increasing reports of nutritional rickets in breastfed infants, particularly in northern climates (Kreiter et al., 2000). This is likely due to lack of sunlight exposure, which is increasingly common with the use of sunscreens and the tendency to cover infants for health or cultural reasons. Human milk, like cow milk, is very low in vitamin D, with average concentrations of 24 to 68 lU/L. Since infants consume less than 0.5 L of milk/ day in the first months of life, breastfed infants have vitamin D intake well below the Adequate Intake of 200 lU/day. With sun exposure this is not likely to be a problem. However infants born to mothers with vitamin D deficiency are at increased risk for rickets, as are those who are not exposed to the sun. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Paediatric Society recently recommended supplementing all breastfed infants with 200 lU of vitamin D by 2 months of age (AAP, 2003 Canadian Paediatric Society, 1998). 

Kennedy G, Fanou-Fogny N, Seghieri C, et al. Food groups associated with a composite measure of probability of adequate intake of 11 micronutrients in the diets of women in urban Mali. / Nutr. 2010 140 2070S—2078S. 

The Food and Nutrition Board of the US National Research Council has released adequate intakes for infants, adults and pregnant women (Mock 2004 National Research Council 1989 Yates et al. 1998). These recommendations (Table 43.1) refer to studies assuming that, with a daily dose of 60 pg of biotin, adults on parenteral nutrition declared they were symptom-free for six months and with diets supplying 28 2pg/day, no inadequate biotin status was observed. The dietary biotin intake in Western populations has been estimated to be 35-70 pg per day (143-287 nmoles per day). 

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