European chestnut

French nut oil OH from either the English walnut or the European chestnut. 

Hofbauer, B., Radauer, C., Jaeger, S., and Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., Molecular characterization of Cas s 1, the major allergen from European chestnut Castanea sativa (unpublished). Direct Submission to NCBI, Accession no. CAD10374.1, 2001. 

Unit Chinese Chestnut European Chestnut Japanese Chestnut... 

The importance of the minerals and the consequences of their deficiency are well known [28], The mineral contents of Chinese, European, and Japanese chestnuts are listed in Table 11.2 [22], European chestnut has the highest potassium content compared to Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. Magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese contents are higher in Chinese chestnut than in European and Japanese chestnuts. On the other hand, Japanese chestnut contains the highest amounts of calcium, iron, sodium, zinc, and copper contents among these three varieties. The minimum and maximum percentages of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) or adequate intake (Al) of these minerals obtained by... 

Some phenolic acids such as ellagic acid can be used as floral markers of heather honey (Cherchi et al., 1994 Ferreres et al., 1996a,b), and the hydroxyciimamates (caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids) as floral markers of chestnut honey (Cherchi et al., 1994). Pinocembrin, pinobanksin, and chrysin are the characteristic flavonoids of propolis, and these flavo-noid compounds have been found in most European honey samples (Tomas-Barberan et al., 2001). However, for lavender and acacia honeys, no specific phenolic compoimds could be used as suitable floral markers (Tomas-Barberan et al., 2001). Other potential phytochemical markers like abscisic acid may become floral markers in heather honey (Cherchi et al., 1994). Abscisic acid was also detected in rapeseed, lime, and acacia honey samples (Tomas-Barberan et al., 2001). Snow and Manley-Harris (2004) studied antimicrobial activity of phenolics. 

Table 5. Distribution of Co in Calcaric Chernozem and Chestnut soil of Meadow Steppe ecosystem in the south part of East European Plain.

The deciduous trees and shrubs also known as the broad-leaved plants and the summer-green plants form the principal tropophytes. The deciduous forests, which include the oaks, the beeches, the ashes, the maples, the walnuts, the chestnuts, cover a great part of eastern and western China, central Europe (England, France, Belgium, Germany) and eastern Australia, and are coincident with the countries occupied by the most civilized races of man, such as the Americans, Europeans, Chinese and Japanese. The cold temperate climatic conditions which have determined the distribution of the forest trees have been influential also in the development of the energetic races of mankind. 

American chestnut has the highest lipid content (9.5g/100g), followed by chinkapin (4.0g/100g), European (2.9g/100g), and Chinese chestnuts (2.1g/100g) [40]. The high lipid content in American chestnut may enhance its sensory preference since it is well known that mouthfeel and flavor of many food products are influenced by lipids [51]. 

Einch, chestnut-eared (Amadina castanotis) Elamingo, European (Phoenicoptems roseus) Eowl, domestic (Gallus domesticus)... 

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