Nutritional state

PBPK and classical pharmacokinetic models both have valid applications in lead risk assessment. Both approaches can incorporate capacity-limited or nonlinear kinetic behavior in parameter estimates. An advantage of classical pharmacokinetic models is that, because the kinetic characteristics of the compartments of which they are composed are not constrained, a best possible fit to empirical data can be arrived at by varying the values of the parameters (O Flaherty 1987). However, such models are not readily extrapolated to other species because the parameters do not have precise physiological correlates. Compartmental models developed to date also do not simulate changes in bone metabolism, tissue volumes, blood flow rates, and enzyme activities associated with pregnancy, adverse nutritional states, aging, or osteoporotic diseases. Therefore, extrapolation of classical compartmental model simulations... 

Kurland, C.G. and R. Mikkola (1993), The impact of nutritional state on the microevolution of ribosomes. In S. Kjelleberg (ed.), Starvation in Bacteria, Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 225-237. 

A further assumption is also often made, namely, that even a mild thiamine deficiency, if it is a real deficiency, will make itself known by outward signs. This, in the author s opinion, is probably far from true. In animal experiments, for example, deficiencies require weeks to develop, and long before an animal shows overt symptoms of deficiency, an analysis of its tissues would show that deficiencies are present and metabolism is being impaired. The importance of considering other evidence about the nutritional state besides overt symptoms is stressed in a recent review by Lowry. 19... 

A poor nutritional state can have a considerable influence on the metabolism of xenobiotics (Kalberlah and Schneider 1998). 

In general, a poor nutritional state and a diseased state can be expected to influence the sensitivity to chemicals. This is of special concern when the target organ of the toxic effect is affected by the disease, or when the metabolism and elimination are disturbed. Also lifestyle factors such as alcohol, tobacco smoke, and drugs may modify the toxic responses of chemicals. 

R4. Richardson, H., Immunity in diabetes. II. Relative importance of nutritional state and of blood sugar level in influencing development of the agglutinin after typhoid vaccine. J. Clin. Invest. 14, 389-392 (1935). 

Enhanced anticoagulant effects Endogenous factors that may be responsible for increased PT/INR response include the following Blood dyscrasias cancer collagen vascular disease CHF diarrhea elevated temperature hepatic disorders (eg, infectious hepatitis, jaundice) hyperthyroidism poor nutritional state steatorrhea vitamin K deficiency. 

The answer is D. This student is still in the fed or absorptive state within 1 hour of a meal, so elevated levels of many nutrients derived from food digestion would be observed in her blood. This would include all items in the list except glucagon. High nutrient levels in the blood evoke increased insulin secretion from the beta cells and suppression of glucagon secretion by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. Therefore, blood levels of glucagon would be decreased relative to other nutritional states. 

While sugar solutions can be a significant item in the diet of ants, parasitoids are often entirely dependent on carbohydrates as an adult food source (Jervis et al., 1993). The parasitoids longevity and fecundity are usually subject to energetic constraints (Leatemia etal., 1995 Stapel etal., 1997 Wackers, 2001), whereas the parasitoids behavior can also be strongly affected by their nutritional state (Wackers, 1994 Takasu and Lewis, 1995). There is strong evidence that the availability of suitable sugar sources can play a key role in parasitoid host dynamics (Krivan and Sirot, 1997 Wackers, 2003). 

The base composition of DNA in a given species does not change with an organism s age, nutritional state, or changing environment. 

FIGURE 23-20 Energy sources in the brain vary with nutritional state. The ketone body used by the brain is /3-hydroxybutyrate. 

Some afferent signals reflecting the nutritional state of the body. CCK = cholecystokinin. 

Food fingerprint can be defined as a specific molecular marker diagnostic for a characteristic food/nutritional state or condition. These biological markers also referred as biomarkers are specific indicators that can be objectively measured and evaluated (1). They can be genes, proteins, or metabolites. Biomarker discovery and validation is still a current hot topic for nutrition and food science. Emerging omics technologies provide a good discovery-based approach for... 

Glycogen synthase of Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Nutritional state, interconversion of forms, and primer glycogen molecular weight as control factors. Journal of Parasitology, 65 25-30. 

We are investigating further the nature of the carotenoids present in the bacterial photosynthetic complexes. In this report we shall present evidence showing that whereas the R. rubrum antenna contains a mixture of carotenoids the composition of which changes with the nutritional state of the culture, only spirilloxanthin and, in minor amounts, monodemethylated spirilloxanthin are found in association with the R. rubrum reaction center. The current progress of our work on the functional bases of the differences in carotenoid composition between the antenna and the reaction center shall also be presented. 

More detailed metabolic flux analyses on both nutritional states revealed that the energetic parameters, namely Tatp and Tnadph/x, are changed noticeably after induction when using pymvate as carbon source compared to growth on glucose. For pyruvate, a decrease of about 50% of the Tatp value from 13.2 to 7.0 gBM mol-1 combined with a twofold increase of the TNadph/x value from... 

Pieters B.J., Liess M. (2006) Maternal nutritional state determines the sensitivity of Daphnia magna offspring to short-term Fenvalerate exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 76 268-277. 

Following translation into the polypeptidyl chain, proteins undergo not only specific chemical modifications but also many nonspecific modifications. Some modifications are the result of continual exposure of the proteins to the potential action of proteolytic enzymes. The level of a specific protein in vivo is the result of a balance achieved between the rate of biosynthesis of that protein and its rate of degradation by proteolytic enzymes. In part, the rate of degradation of a protein is a function of the relative levels of native (N) and reversibly (R) denatured protein (N R) under a given set of conditions. Nutritional state and health of the organism, the extent of posttranslational modification, and environ-... 

A 39-year-old man died suddenly 1 hour after taking a single oral dose of haloperidol 5 mg (14). He had myasthenia, alcoholic hepatitis, and electrolyte abnormalities due to inadequate nutritional state. His electrocardiogram showed prolongation of the QTC interval (460 ms). Autopsy showed a cardiomyopathy but no explanation for sudden death. 

Several zinc absorption studies, using oral doses of ZnCl2 were carried out. 65zq plasma levels were determined serially on the day of the oral administration of the zn tracer. Urinary and fecal 65zn excretions were determined for approximately 15 days. The subjects studied were fully ambulatory males who were In good nutritional state. They were normal according to all clinical and laboratory criteria. Including the serum levels of zinc, calcium, and phosphorus. The effect of three Intake levels of calcium on the zinc balance was studied, namely, of 200, 900,... 

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