Air traffic services

The July 2003 report on Government IT Projects [Pearce 2003] states that in the UK Over the past five years, high profile IT difficulties have affected the Child Support Agency, Passport Office, Criminal Records Bureau, Inland Revenue, National Air Traffic Services and the Department of Work and Pensions, among others. ... 

Another study observed was the variation of the occupation time for each aircraft in each sector and airports with objective of to observe the influence this variation time in global Workload. In this in case were observed that the small variations of the occupation time had provided better resulted that the isolated variation of an only occupation time. This result is important because variation only an occupation time will be able to produce big problems for ATS (Air Traffic Services). 

ICAO-84, DOC 9426, Air Traffic Services Planning Manual, Montreal, 1st edition (provisional), 1984. Reprinted August 2002,incorporating Amendments 1-4. 

ICAO. 1996. Doc 4444-RAC/501. Rules Of Ihe Air And Air Traffic Services - Procedures For Air Navigation Services. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal. 

Section C operational and techrucal - items for operational staff in four areas air traffic services (ATS), aeronautical information services (AIS), meteorology (MET) and techrucal staff in cormnunication, navigation, surveillance (CNS). Sometimes, these four staff groups are licensed staff and, typically, all can report safety occurrences... 

Unit Safety Case is a commonly used term for the Safety Case for an on-going operational service. Figure A. 12 below shows the high-level Safety Argument for this example application of GSN, for a hypothetical Air Traffic Services Unit (ATSU). 

Current practise at the National Air Traffic Services (NATS, the principal civil air traffic control service for the United Kingdom) is to incrementally adjust the STCA system parameters manually in order to reduce the false positive rate, while maintaining the true positive rate. This tuning is performed by staff on the basis of a large (170000) database of track pairs containing recent and historical aircraft encounters. However the 1500 adjustable parameters make tuning a highly skilled and laborious procedure. 

CAA (1999). Regulatory Objective for Software Safety Assurance in Air Traffic Service Equipment SWOl. Civil Aviation Authority, UK, 1999 Lipshitz R Strauss O (1997). Coping with Uncertainty A Naturalistic Decision-Making Analysis. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 1997 69-2 149-163... 

Our study investigates the use of OS within the Air Traffic Service (ATS) domain, where the standard Regulatory Objectives for Software Safety Assurance in ATS Equipment (SWOl) is used. SWOl is part of CAP 670 (CAA 2(X)3) and establishes the main concepts required to ensure that the risks associated with deploying any software in a safety related ATS have been reduced to a tolerable level . These concepts, and the relations between them, are illustrated in Figure 1. 

CAA 2003) Civil Aviation Authority (2003) CAP 670, Air Traffic Services Safety Requirements , CAA Safety Regulations Group,pp B3/1- B3/52, http //www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP670.PDF... 

Civil Aviation Authority, 2001, SWOl - Regulatory Objectives for Software Safety Assurance in ATS Equipment in Part B (Generic Requirements and Guidance) of CAP670 - Air Traffic Services Safety Requirements, London, UK. 

CAP 670/SW01 (CAA 2003) sets regulatory objectives for software assurance in ATS (air traffic service) equipment. As well as giving the objectives themselves, SWOl provides non-mandatory guidance on how compliance with the (mandatory) safety objectives may be demonstrated. While limited in scope to software, SWOl notes fliat demonstration of satisfaction of its requirements (i.e. safety objectives) may be used in support of a system safety case. 

CAA (2003) CAP670 Air traffic services safety requirements. Civil Aviation Authority Cullen (1990) The public inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster. HM Stationery Office, London Haddon-Cave C (2009) The Nimrod review. The Stationery Office, London lEC (2002) lEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. Part 1. International Electrotechnical Commission Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press MoD (2007) Defence standard 00-56 Issue 4. Safety management requirements for defence systems part 1 requirements part 2 guidance on establishing a means of complying with part 1. Ministry of Defence... 

Risk Assessment and the Production of Safety Cases For Aerodrome Operators and Air Traffic Service Providers. UK Safety Regulation Group. 

Taking into consideration the dependence of airline flight operation on air traffic management system the Air Traffic Services Performance Focus Group of FAA identified the following attributes of flight operations performance Capacity... 

Air Traffic Services Performance Focus Group (ATSP FG) of CNS/ATM Focused Team of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 1999. Airline Metric Concepts for Evaluating Air Traffic Service Performance. 

In other cases, investigators might take the view that incidents reflect a risk that their organisation has little practical ability to act on - as with the persistent problems with air traffic services in certain localities mentioned above. In these instances, the problems are viewed as best dealt with at an industry level. They are simply too big for a single airline to resolve on their own, and beyond their reasonable control, no matter how basic or simple they may seem ... 

JSP 550, Military Aviation Policy, Regulations and Directives JSP 551, Military Flight Safety Regulations JSP 552, Military Air Traffic Service Regulations... 

Developed by NATS (see Burret, G and Foley, S, Integrating Human Error Management Strategies Throughout the System Lifecycle, National Air Traffic Services, Bournemouth, UK, presented in Current Issues in Safety Critical Systems, Proceedings of the 11th Safety Critical Systems Symposium 4-6 Feb 2003). 

The Standards and Recommended Practices in Annex 11, together with the Standards in Annex 2, govern the application of Vtie Procedures for Air Navigation Services -Air Traffic Management and Regional Supplementary Procedures — Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services, contained in Doc 7030, Annex 11 pertains... 

According to Paragraph 2.2 of the Annex, The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to a) prevent collisions between aircraft b) prevent collisirais between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area c) expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic d) provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights e) notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such mganizations as required. 

The Standards and Recommended Practices in Annex 11 apply in those parts of the airspace under the jurisdiction of a Contracting State wherein air traffic services are provided and also wherever a Contracting State accepts the responsibility of providing air traffic services over the high seas or in airspace of undetermined sovereignty. A Contracting State accepting such responsibility may apply the Standards and Recommended Practices in a manner consistent with that adopted for airspace under its jurisdiction. 

For the purpose of the Annex, the State which designates the authority responsible for establishing and providing the air traffic services is ... 

In Situation 2 the State to whom responsibility for the establishment and provision of air traffic services has been delegated ... 

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