Standards, regulatory

Pesticides Options to Achieve a Single Regulatory Standard, GAO/RCED-94-57, General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., May 1994, 34 pp. 

One advantage of modem coal gasification combined cycle systems is excellent environmental performance. Not only are regulatory standards met, but emissions and effluents are well below accepted levels (13,16,28). 

Terminal Stream Compositions and Quantities These are basically linked to an arbitrary given the produc tion capacity of the leaching plant (rate of extrac t production or rate of raw-material purification by extrac tion). When options are permitted, the degree of solute remov and the concentration of the extrac t stream chosen are those that maximize process economy while sustaining conformance to regulatory standards. 

In this book we will eoneentrate on governmental regulations as they relate to hazardous waste or other hazardous materials, how to eomply with speeifie requirements, and other best management praetiees (BMPs). We will foeus on eommereial (federal/state OSHA), DOE, and the Army Corps of Engineers operations. In addition to these requirements there may be other regulatory standards that have requirements pertinent to hazardous materials. 

Although OSHA regulations and industry standards have begun to address proteetive elothing and its proper use, the responsibility lies with the buyer for seleeting the appropriate type and style of PPE to mateh the job-speeifie hazards to proteet the worker. Wlien purehasing PPE the eonstruetion and quality of the equipment should be kept in mind as well as the regulatory standards that should be met, the eomfort and produetivity of the worker involved, and the disposability of the equipment after it has been eontaminated. The eheapest is not always the best. 

Another reason for investing in error reduction is to conform with regulatory standards. Error reduction yields regulatory relief. 

An additional reason for investing resources in error reduction measures is to improve the ability of the industry to conform to regulatory standards. It is likely that as the relationship between hximan error and safety becomes more widely recognized, regulatory authorities will place more emphasis on the reduction of error-inducing conditions in plants. It is therefore important that the Chemical Process Industries take the lead in developing a systematic approach and a defensible position in this area. 

The Distinction between Procedures as Regulatory Standards and as Instructions to Perform a Task Is Not Adequately Made. 

Artursson, P., Application of physicochemical properties of molecules to predict intestinal permeability, AAPS Workshop on Permeability Dehnitions and Regulatory Standards, Arlington, VA, Aug. 17-19, 1998. 

Kararli, T. T., Comparative models for studying absorption, A APS Workshop on Permeability Definitions and Regulatory Standards for Bioequivalence, Arlington, Aug. 17-19, 1998. 

The regulatory standards for leak detection in tank systems containing hazardous chemicals are more stringent than those for tanks containing petroleum motor fuels. Both above standards and those required in RCRA hazardous substances management should be met. 

Table 21.15 illustrates the mean operating performance of the plant. The regulatory standard for the plant is based on effluent COD, which is monitored three times per day. A BOD5 test is done once per month. The BOD/COD correlation for the plant effluent is BOD = COD - 25.87... 

Sponsor companies use quality assurance units independent of the clinical research group to audit medical operations. Their role is to ensure that regulatory standards and company policies and procedures for clinical research are being followed in all countries where research is being conducted. 

Microorganisms must exist, which have the needed catabolic activity and ability to transform the contaminant at a reasonable rate, reducing the contaminant concentration to levels that meet regulatory standards. 

Other dietary supplements and herbal remedies should be held to regulatory standards that are at least as stringent as those for OTC drug products. At the very least, active ingredients should be required to meet standards for purity, content, safety, and some level of effectiveness before they can be marketed. 

The RfDs and TDIs are often used to establish regulatory standards. Such standards usually specify a limit on the allowable concentration of a chemical in an environmental medium. The process is not difficult to understand. The RfD and its related estimates of population thresholds is a dose, typically expressed in mg/(kg b.w. day), that is considered to be without significant risk to human populations exposed daily, for a lifetime. Consider mercury, a metal for which an RfD of 0.0003 mg/(kg b.w. day) has been established by the EPA, based on certain forms of kidney toxicity observed in rats (Table 8.4). These are not the only toxic effects of mercury, but they are the ones seen at the lowest doses. Note also that we are dealing with inorganic mercury, not the methylated form that is neurotoxic. 

The federal government has developed regulatory standards and guidelines to protect people from the harmful health effects of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. ERA has banned the sale of all heptachlor products and has restricted the use of heptachlor. ERA allows companies to use heptachlor only to kill fire ants in power transformers. However, people who bought heptachlor before it was banned can still use it for killing termites. 

The use of robotic facilities could improve reproducibility between different laboratories and tighter controls could be developed. So information from robots wiU probably be increasingly used in regulatory standardized tests, such as those required to meet environmental regulations. 

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