Lymphoma adult T-cell

Isobe T, Horimatsu T, Fujita T, Miyazaki K, Sugiyama T. Adult T cell lymphoma following diphenylhydantoin therapy. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 1980 43(4) 711-4. 

In a chapter Infection Unmasked, Drexler first underscores the point that some 70% of all deaths are due to lingering or chronic illnesses rather than to the abrupt severity of acute afflictions. Furthermore, there is the statement that today, a growing number of researchers claim that these disabling conditions may be caused by infection. Thus, more than 90% of cervical cancer cases are caused by the human papillomavirus, and more than 60% of liver cancer cases result from the hepatitis B virus. The retrovirus HTLV-1 is the precursor for adult T cell lymphoma, with the cancerous condition occurring decades after the infection. The Epstein-Barr virus, a herpes-type virus causing mononucleosis, also has an effect on people with malaria, producing a cancer known as Burkitt s lymphoma, the leading cause of childhood cancer deaths worldwide. Kaposi s sarcoma, known as a comphcation of AIDS, is said to be caused by human herpesvirus 8. 

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a common occurrence in solid tumors of the lung and breast as well as multiple myeloma and adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (26). The hypercalcemia associated with breast cancer is usually seen in late stages of the disease in patients with extensive bone metastases. In squamous cell carcinoma of the lung or kidney, however, hypercalcemia is not correlated with disease stage and is not necessarily associated with bone metastases. The hypercalcemia results from increased bone resorption, decreased bone formation and increased renal tubular calcium reabsorption. These findings suggest that some tumors may secrete humoral factors with PTH-like actions. 

In hospitalized patients, hypercalcemia of malignancy is the major cause of hypercalcemia (26,, , 54). In two separate studies, 9X of all cancer patients had hypercalcemia of malignancy (. 56). Hypercalcemia of malignancy is most common in solid tumors such as carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, pancreas and ovary, but also occurs with multiple myeloma and adult T-cell lymphoma/ leukemia. It has been estimated that there is approximately an equal distribution between humoral factors and metastatic bone tumors for causing hypercalcemia of malignancy (26,57,58). 

T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia -Adult T-cell lymphoma (HTLV1+) ... 

Type I and II (HTLV I and II) are two closely related types with a high genomic similarity, tropic for CD4+ T-lymphocytes. HTLV I is associated with the adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia in addition to some types of myelopathy. HTLV II might be involved in certain demyelinating diseases. HTLV-III has similarity to the Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3 (STLV-III)... 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Lymphomas not included in Working Formulation mycosis fungoides, mantle cell lymphoma, monocytoid B-cell lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angiocentric lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD), Castleman s disease, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. 

Ishida T, Iida S, Akatsuka Y, et al. The CC chemokine receptor 4 as a novel specific molecular target for immunotherapy in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004 10 7529-7539. 

MM = multiple myeloma ATL = adult T-cell leukemia ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia FCC = follicular center cell lymphoma DLC = diffuse large cell lymphoma TRB = T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma ALCL = anaplastic large cell lymphoma MALT = mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphoma LC = lung cancer CMM = cutaneous malignant melanoma TCC = transitional cell carcinoma CSCC = cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 

K3. Kinoshita, K., Kamihira, S., Yamada, Y, Amagasaki, T., Ikeda, S., Momita, S., and Ichimaru, M., Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in the Nagasaki district. In Adult T-Cell Leukemia and Related Disease (M. Hanaoka, K. Takatsuki, and M. Shimoyama, eds.), pp. 167-184. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1982. 

Shimoyama, M., Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984-87). Br. J. Haematol. 79,428-437 (1991). 

Certain RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, have also proven capable of inducing cancer. Retroviruses known to induce cancer in animals include Rous sarcoma virus, Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, as well as various murine leukaemia viruses. Thus far, the only well-characterized human RNA transforming virus is that of human T cell lymphocytotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), which can induce adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). Identification of antigens uniquely associated with various tumour types, and identification of additional cancer-causing viruses, remain areas of very active research. 

Lymphoma appears to be increased in patients with untreated inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-TNF agents may further increase the risk of lymphoma in this population, although the relative risk is uncertain. An increased number of cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, a rare but usually fetal disease, have been noted in children and young adults, virtually all of whom have been on combined therapy with immunomodulators, anti-TNF agents, or corticosteroids. 

T/NK (natural killer) cell lymphomas are much less common in Western countries and much less understood than the B cell lymphomas. Thus, the discussion of these entities will be much briefer. In addition, a significant number of the T/NK lymphomas, such as enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma, blastic NK cell lymphoma, T cell granular lymphocytic leukemia, and adult T cell leukemia/ lymphoma, will not be discussed in this review. The reader is advised to consult the recent World Health Organization Classification of Tumours (J2). 

Mahieux R, Gessain A. HTLV-1 associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 2003 7 336-61. 

Usuku K, Sonoda S, Osame M, Yashiki S, Takahashi K, Matsumoto M, SawadaT, Tsuji K, TaraM, Igata A (1988) HLAliaplo type-linked high immune responsiveness against HTLV-I in HTLV-I-associated myelopadiy Comparison widi adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Ann Neui-ol 23(Suppl) S 143-150. 

Inozume, T., Matsue, H., Furuhashi, M., Nakamura, Y., Mitsui, H., Ando, N., Mitzutani, M Miyahara, A Kawamura, T Shibagaki, N Tsukamoto, K. and Shimada, S. (2005) Successful use of etretinate for long-term management of a patient with cutaneous-type adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. The British Journal of Dermatology, 153, 1239-1241. 

Ohshima K, Kikuchi M, Shibata T, et al. Clonal analysis of Hodgkin s disease shows absence of TCR/Ig gene rearrangement, compared with T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma and incipient adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994 15 469-479. 

The interleukin-2 receptor is designated CD25. Originally isolated from T lymphocytes, it is now known to be expressed on hairy cell leukemia and adult T-cell leu-kemia/lymphoma. 

Takeshita M, Akamatsu M, Ohshima K, et al. CD30 (Ki-1) exptession in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma is associated with distinctive immunohistological and clinical chatactetistics. Histopathology. 1995 26(6) 539-546. 

---