Transitional cell carcinoma

The normal prostate is composed of acinar secretory cells arranged in a radial shape and surrounded by a foundation of supporting tissue. The size, shape, or presence of acini are almost always altered in the gland that has been invaded by prostatic carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma, the major pathologic cell type, accounts for more than 95% of prostate cancer cases.15 Much rarer tumor types include small cell neuroendocrine cancers, sarcomas, and transitional cell carcinomas. 

Aboagye-Mathiesen G et al. Interferon gamma regulates a unique set of proteins in fresh human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Electrophoresis 1999 20 344-348. 

Celis A et al. Short-term culturing of low-grade superficial bladder transitional cell carcinomas leads to changes in the expression levels of several proteins involved in key cellular activities. Electrophoresis 1999 20 355-361. 

Intratracheal administration of 5-15 mg AAF one to two times per week for 17 months in hamsters (total dose 1100 mg) caused bladder tumors in 10 of 23 animals all mmors were transitional cell carcinomas with or without focal squamous cell carcinomas. ... 

A significant increase in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder was found in mice and rats fed diets containing 5000mg/kg o-anisidine bydrocbloride for 103 weeks. ... 

In hamsters, 0.3% DCB in the diet produced transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder and some liver cell tumors. Liver tumors were also found in mice exposed to DCB. Female dogs fed 8mg/kg/day for a period of 6-7 years had hepatocellular carcinomas and papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder tumors were absent in untreated controls. ... 

Four of four beagle dogs administered DCB by capsule for 7 years had bladder papillary transitional cell carcinoma and three had liver carcinoma untreated controls had no liver or bladder neoplasms. ... 

MOCA was fed to male and female mice for 18 months at a dose of either 1 or 2 g/kg in female mice, but not in males, a statistically significant incidence of hepatoma was observed. In addition, a higher incidence of hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas was observed in treated animals compared with controls. Urinary bladder tumors (primarily papillary transitional cell carcinomas) occurred in dogs given 100 mg of MOCA by capsule for up to 9.0 years. ... 

In monkeys, intragastric administration of 37-2400mg/kg/week for up to 250 weeks caused nine transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder and three papillary adenomas. ... 

Conzelman GM Jr et al Induction of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in monkeys fed 2-naphthylamine. J Natl Cancer Inst 41 15- 56, 1969... 

Russel KJ, BioleauMA, Higano C. Combined 5-FU and irradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1990 19 693-699. 

A similar small phase II trial from Germany has reported on seven patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with cisplatin and paclitaxel (96). The authors conclude that this combination is at least feasible given an acceptable acute toxicity profile and reasonable efficacy. Another small series is reported by Nichols et al. (97) where eight patients received radiation with concurrent paclitaxel and carboplatin in an attempt at bladder preservation. Three of the patients remain free of distant metastases, and local recurrence has occurred in three. 

K. Radiation therapy and concomitantpaclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy formuscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder a well-tolerated combination. Int J Cancer 2000 90(5) 281-286. 

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is diagnosed in approx 50,000 individuals in the United States each year, and accounts for 10,000 deaths annually. A majority of patients will present with nonmuscle-invasive disease, be treated adequately with transurethral resection (TURBT) with or without intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy, and will have only a 10-15% risk (higher for higher grades) of developing muscle-invasive disease. In contradistinction, the natural history of muscle-invasive disease is much more aggressive, with a 5-yr survival of only 50%. 

The percentage of patients who are alive with an intact bladder at 5 yr is only 38% with this bladder-sparing approach. This is not surprising, given what we know about the difficulties with clinical staging and the recognition of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelium as a field defect. People who are offered this approach as an equivalent option to cystectomy should be informed of these results. 

Soloway MS, Lopez AE, Patel J, Lu Y. Results of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and the effect of chemotherapy. Cancer 1994 73 1926-1931. 

Mameghan H, Fisher R, Mameghan J, Brook S. Analysis of failure following definitive radiotherapy for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. IntJ Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1995 2 247-254. 

Gospodarowicz MK, Hawkins NV, Rawlings GA, et al. Radical radiotherapy for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder failure analysis. J Urol 1989 142 1448-1454. 

Harker WG, Meyers FJ, Freiha FS, et al. Cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV) an effective chemotherapy regimen for metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract a Northern California Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1985 3 1463-1470. 

Sternberg CN, Yagoda A, Scher HI, et al. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium efficacy and patterns of response and relapse. Cancer 1989 64 2448-2458. 

Gabrilove JL, Jakubowski A, Scher H, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and associated morbidity due to chemotherapy for transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. N Engl J Med 1988 318 1414-1422. 

Logothetis C, Finn L, Amato R, Hassan E, Sella A. Escalated MV AC +/- rhGM-CSF in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1992 11 202. 

Roth BJ, Dreicer R, Einhom LH, et al. Significant activity of paclitaxel in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium aphase II trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (El 892). J Clin Oncol 1994 11 2264-2270. 

Russell KJ, Boileau MA, Ireton RC, et al. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder histologic clearance with combined 5-FU chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology 1988 167 845-848. 

Kyriazis AP, Yagoda A, Kereiakes JG. Experimental studies on the radiation-modifying effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (DDP) in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas grown in nude mice. Cancer 1983 52 452-457. 

Jakse G, Frommhold H, Nedden DZ. Combined radiation and chemotherapy for locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1985 55 1659-1664. 

Housset M, Maulard C, Chretien Y, et al. Combined radiation and chemotherapy for invasive transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 1993 11 2150-2157. 

Shirahama T. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in transitional cell carcinoma and its preneoplastic lesions in the human urinary bladder. Clin Cancer Res 2000 6 2424—2430. 

Mohammed SI, Knapp DW, Bostwick DG, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Cancer Res 1999 15 5647-5650. 

MM = multiple myeloma ATL = adult T-cell leukemia ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia FCC = follicular center cell lymphoma DLC = diffuse large cell lymphoma TRB = T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma ALCL = anaplastic large cell lymphoma MALT = mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphoma LC = lung cancer CMM = cutaneous malignant melanoma TCC = transitional cell carcinoma CSCC = cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 

Lipponen, P. K., Kosma, V. M., Collan, Y., Kulju, T., Kosunen, O., and Eskelinen, M. 1990. Potential of nuclear morphometry and volume corrected mitotic index in grading transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur. Urol. 77 333-337. 

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