Granular cells

Breslow Microstage Granular cell layer Clark Levels l-IV... 

Formation of angiotensin II requires the release of renin from the granular cells. Therefore, the factors affecting renin release must be considered ... 

The granular cells that secrete renin also serve as intrarenal baroreceptors, monitoring blood volume and blood pressure in the afferent arterioles. Arteriolar pressure and renin secretion have an inverse relationship in other words, an increase in blood volume causes an increase in arteriolar blood pressure increased stimulation of the intrarenal baroreceptors and decreased secretion of renin. With less angiotensin Il-induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, RBF, GFR, and urine output will increase so that blood volume returns to normal. 

Angiotensin II directly inhibits the secretion of renin from the granular cells. This negative feedback mechanism enables angiotensin II to limit its own formation. 

Sympathetic stimulation of adrenergic receptors on the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus promotes secretion of renin and, consequently, formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then causes ... 

Sodium reabsorption is also influenced by ANP. The original decrease in plasma volume leads to a decrease in atrial filling and a decrease in the release of ANP from the myocardium. Atrial natriuretic peptide, which acts on vascular smooth muscle, granular cells of the kidney, and the adrenal cortex, normally causes the following ... 

The histological types of lung cancer seen to excess in uranium miners reflect those in the population at large (Masse, 1984). These occur almost entirely in bronchial airways. Approximately 207 are adenocarcinomas which occur in peripheral bronchioles (Spencer, 1977) where there are no basal cells. Squamous cell cancers predominate in miners exposed early in life to relatively low concentrations of radon daughters (Saccomanno et aJL., 1982). These are considered likely to arise from the secretory small mucous granular cells which undergo cell division and extend to the epithelial surface (Masse, personal communication). Division of these cells is accelerated after irritation by toxicants such as cigarette smoke or infectious diseases (Trump et a L., 1978). 

IHC shows ethanol induction of CYP2E1 in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of male rats nicotine induces in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, cerebellum, and brainstem. More CYP2E1 found in brains from human alcoholics and alcoholic smokers in granular cells of the dentate gyrus, pyramidal cells of CA2 and CA3 hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cells. More CYP2E1 In frontal cortices of alcoholic smokers versus all nonsmokers. CYP2E1 in cultured human neuroblastoma cells Induced by nicotine (Howard et al., 2003). 

There was an increase in the incidence of benign testicular interstitial cell tumors and granular cell tumors in the cervix and vagina in rats. 

In brains without AD, mRNA NGF is detected in granular cells of the gyrus dentatus and in pyramidal CA cells, as well as in diverse cortical neurons and glial cells. The cholinergic neurons of the basal ganglia not only re-... 

The stratum granulosum is the most superficial cell layer of the viable epidermis and contains highly differentiated keratinocytes. The lamellar bodies, which have been formed in the stratum spinosum, migrate to the apical periphery of the uppermost granular cells and eventually fuse with the membrane of the keratinocyte. Via exocytosis their content is extruded into the intercellular spaces at the stratum granulosum-stratum corneum interface. The lipids derived from the lamellar bodies are essential for the formation of the stratum corneum barrier. 

Camk4 Brain (parietal cortex, cerebellum (granular cells), caudate putamen, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, brainstem, mesencephalon and thalamus) Thymocytes, Testis, Ovary (Ohmstede et al., 1989 Means et al., 1991 Sakagami et al., 1992 Sun et al., 1995 Anderson et al., 1998 Sakagami et al., 1999 Wu et al., 2000 Wu and Means, 2000 Wang et al., 2001)... 

Epidermis. The epidermis is a 50- to lOO-pm-thick layer made of ker-atinocytes that migrate outward from the basal cell into highly differentiated nondividing cells.46,47 During differentiation, keratinocytes transform from polygonal (cuboidal) cells to spinous (prickly) cells, flattened granular cells, and finally to flattened polyhedral dead corneocytes full of the protein keratin.45,47... 

Produced by lymphoid tissue. Lymphocytes represent about 20% of the WBCs in adults they have a long life span (sometimes several years). They probably serve as memory cells for the immune system. These mononuclear cells may be small, agranular structures (T and B cells) or large, granular cells (NKCs). Different types of T cells may only be differentiated by their cell-surface markers (CD markers - clusters of differentiation). CD markers are identified using labelling antibodies... 

Denning, M., Kazanietz, M., Blumber, P., and Yuspa, S., Cholesterol sulfate activates multiple protein kinase C isoenzymes and induces granular cell differenation in culture murine keratinoyctes, Cell Growth Differ., 6, 1619, 1995. 

Studies conducted in our laboratory indicated that profilaggrin was rapidly dephosphorylated during the transition of the mature granular cell into the corneocyte and then underwent selective proteolysis to form lower molecular weight, highly basic species within the SC.50... 

Dlugosz, A.A., and Yuspa, S.H., Coordinate changes in gene expression which mark the spinous to granular cell transition in epidermis are regulated by protein kinase C, J. Cell Biol., 120, 217, 1993. 

Sotelo C, Changeux JP (1974) Bergmann fibers and granular cell migration in the cerebellum of homozygous weaver mutant mouse. Brain Res 77 484 191. 

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