Virus transformation

Santamaria LF, Bheekha R, van Reijsen FC. Perez Soler MT, Suter M, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Mudde GC Antigen focusing by specific monomeric immunoglobuhn E bound to CD23 on Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. Hum Immunol 1993 37 23-30. 

Wang, J., and Baltimore, D. (1983). Cellular RNA homologous to the Abelson murine leukemia virus transforming gene expression and relationship to the viral sequence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3 773-779. 

Toda T et al. Proteomic analysis of Ep-stein-Barr virus-transformed human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines before and after immortalization. Electrophoresis 2000 21 1814-1822. 

Inhibition and stimulation of LOX activity occurs as a rule by a free radical mechanism. Riendeau et al. [8] showed that hydroperoxide activation of 5-LOX is product-specific and can be stimulated by 5-HPETE and hydrogen peroxide. NADPH, FAD, Fe2+ ions, and Fe3+(EDTA) complex markedly increased the formation of oxidized products while NADH and 5-HETE were inhibitory. Jones et al. [9] also demonstrated that another hydroperoxide 13(5)-hydroperoxy-9,ll( , Z)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD) (formed by the oxidation of linoleic acid by soybean LOX) activated the inactive ferrous form of the enzyme. These authors suggested that 13-HPOD attached to LOX and affected its activation through the formation of a protein radical. Werz et al. [10] showed that reactive oxygen species produced by xanthine oxidase, granulocytes, or mitochondria activated 5-LOX in the Epstein Barr virus-transformed B-lymphocytes. 

J. R. Glenney Jr. and D. Soppet. Sequence and expression of caveolin, a protein component of caveolae plasma membrane domains phosphorylated on tyrosine in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 10517— 10521 (1992). 

Zhu, J., H. Wang, J. M. Bishop, and E. H. Blackburn. 1999. Telomerase extends the lifespan of virus-transformed human cells without net telomere lengthening [see comments]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(7) 3723-8. 

The concentration of toxin which causes a 50% reduction in cell bound dye after five days in culture. Cell lines used were H4TG, thioguanine-resistant rat hepatoma cells MDCK, Madin-Darb and canine kidney cells NIH3T3,NIH Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts and KA31T, Kirsten strain of Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3 cells. 

M13. Mosialos, G., Birkenbach, M., YalamanchiU, R., VanArsdale, T., Ware, C., and Kieff, E., The Epstein—Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 engages signah ng proteins for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Cell 80,389—399 (1995). 

Erikson, R.L., Colett, M.S., Erikson, E. and Purchio, A.F. Evidence that the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene product is a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase (1979) Proc. Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 76, 6260-6264... 

In 1961 it was reported that human leukocytes were capable of producing IFN in response to viral infections [8,9]. This viral stimulation of white blood cells was initially used to produce leukocyte IFN for clinical applications. Identification of a number of varied IFN inducers such as mycoplasma or other microorganisms in cell cultures, lipopolysaccharides (LPS, derived from bacteria membranes), tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells, and synthetic chemical compounds such as polyanions and poly I C (poly inosine-cytosine) suggested that different IFN mixtures could be derived from interaction of various inducing agents and appropriate target cells [10-16]. Another pH-labile, nonvirus-induced IFN termed immune-IFN (induced by immune effector cells) was discovered in 1965. It was produced by... 

Todaro GJ, De Larco JE. Growth factors produced by sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Cancer Res 1978 38 4147 154. 

Crow DS, Beyer EC, Paul DL, Kobe SS, Lau AF Phosphorylation of connexin43 gap junction protein in uninfected and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed mamalian fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1990 10 ... 

Another lead as to how a DNA virus transforms cells is to look at the cellular proteins they influence. There is a striking parallel here between the functions of adenovirus E1B and SV40 big T in this regard. These two genes are required for immortalization or transformation, and they both form a tight association with the cellular protein p53, which is considered to be a good candidate for a protooncogene-related protein. Finally, the polyoma middle-T protein, which is required for transformation by polyoma virus,... 

The p53 protein acts as a negative regulator of cell growth it was first detected through its association with the SV40 big-T oncoprotein in virus-transformed cells. Viral oncoproteins like SV40 T antigen and adenovirus E1B sequester... 

Alt, F.W., Rosenberg, N., Casanova, R.J., Thomas, E., Baltimore, D. (1982). Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching and inducible expression in an Abelson murine leukaemia virus transformed cell line. Nature 296,325-331. 

Feddersen, R.M. Van Ness, B.G. (1990). Corrective recombination of mouse immunoglobulin kappa alleles in Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed pre-B cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 569-576. 

Maeda, T., Sugiyama, H., Tani, Y., Miyake, S., Oka, Y., Ogawa, H., Komori, T., Soma, T., Kishimoto, S. (1987). Start of p-chain production by the further two-step rearrangements of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes on one chromosome from a DJH/DJH configuration in an Abelson virus-transformed cell line evidence of secondary DJH complex formation. J. Immunol. 138, 2305-2310. 

Liebowitz, D., Kopan, R., Fuchs, E., Sample, J., and Kieff, E. (1987). An Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein associates with vimentin in lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 2299-2308. 

E. Meezan, H. C. Wu, P. FI. Black, and P. W. Robbins, Comparative studies on carbohydrate-containing membrane components of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts. Separation of glycoproteins and glycopeptides by sephadex chromatography, Biochemistry, 8 (1969) 2518-2524. 

D. Von Seggern, S. Huang, S. K. Fleck, S. C. Stevenson, and G. R. Nemerow, Adenovirus vector pseudotyping in fiber-expressing cell lines improved transduction of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells, J. Virol. 74 354 (2000). 

Brugge JS, Yonemoto W, Darrow D. 1983. Interaction between Rous Sarcoma virus transforming protein and two cellular phosphoproteins Analysis of the turnover and distribution of this complex. 

Rockwell GA, Sato GH, McClure DB (1980), The growth requirements of SV40 virus transformed Balb/c-3T3 cells in serum-free monolayer culture, J. Cell. Physiol. 103 323-331. 

Examples of the products that can be obtained through the processes include DNA vectors, such as plasmids, viruses, bacteriophages and cosmids synthetic genes transformed human viruses (e.g. the Epstein-Barr virus) transformed bacterial cells containing specific properties animal and plant cells and bacteria mAbs, tissue cells regulatory proteins such as human insulin, interferons and human growth hormones and transgenic plants and animals. 

Lever, J.E. (1977). Membrane potential and neutral amino acid transport in plasma membrane vesicles from simian virus transformed mouse fibroblasts. Biochemistry 16, 4328-4334. 

Fig. 2.1. Untransformed (1) and Polyoma virus transformed (2) BHK cells show quite different morphology. This is also clear in the appearance of the colonies shown at low power (3) where the transformed colony is compact whereas untransformed cells tend to spread out over the culture surface in parallel arrays. (Reproduced from MacPherson and Stoker, 1962, with permission.)...

Sarcoma Growth Factor (SGF) — obtained from sarcoma virus transformed murine 3T3 or rat kidney cells is probably related... 

In a similar way, sarcoma growth factors (SGFs e.g. ESG) can be obtained by the serum-free cultivation of murine sarcoma virus transformed 3T3 cells or transformed rat kidney cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced in excess by the human melanoma cell line A375 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is secreted by fibrosarcoma cells (Todaro et al., 1979). 

Friend cells are murine, virus-transformed, erythroleukaemic (MEL) cells which grow in culture in suspension and exhibit a limited degree of differentiation along the erythroid line (Friend et al., 1966 Patuleia and Friend, 1967). The target cell for the Friend... 

Antibodies are expressed by hybridoma cells formed by cell fusion of sensitized animal or human B lymphocytes with myeloma cells, or they are generated by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) transformation of sensitized B lymphocytes. Other heterologous expression systems such as bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and mammalian cells have also been used for expression of antibodies and their fragments. However, because of renaturation problems, glycosylation, and expression levels, mammalian cells are mostly used for the expression of monoclonal antibodies. More recently, technologies have been extensively developed for the expression of antibodies in transgenic animals and transgenic plants. 

Buchacher, A., Predl, R., Strutzenberger, K., Steinfellner, W., Trkola, A., Purtscher, M., Gruber, G., Tauer, C., Steindl, F., and Jungbauer, A. (1994). Generation of human monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 proteins electrofusion and Epstein-Barr virus transformation for peripheral blood lymphocyte immortalization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10, 359-369. 

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