Adenovirus infections with

Association of adenovirus infection with human obesity. Obes. Res. 5, 464-469. 

Zhu Y, CuUen JM, Aldrich CE, SaputelU J, MiUer D, Seeger C, Mason WS, JUbert AR (2004) Adenovirus-based gene therapy during clevudine treatment of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Virology 327 26 0 zu Putlitz J, Wieland S, Blum HE, Wands JR (1998) Antisense RNA complementary to hepatitis B virus specifically inhibits viral replication. Gastroenterology 115 702-713... 

Fig. 11.2 Localization of GFP and calsequestrin (CSQ) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Myo cytes were infected with a recombinant adenovirus containing the cDNAs of GFP and CSQ. Both cDNAs were expressed under control of a separate cytomegalovirus promoter. Expression of CSQ and the coexpressed GFP was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Left-. GFP fluorescence (green), middle immunostaining of CSQ (red), right overlay of GFP fluorescence and immunos taining. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Courtesy of Ulrich Gergs...

Verwaerde C, Thiam K, Delanoye A, et al. Systemic delivery of an adenovirus expressing EBV-derived vIL-10 in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni or Leishmania amazonensis controversial effects on the development of pathological parameters. Eur Cytokine Netw 1999 10(2) 161-170. 

Although ribavirin monotherapy is ineffective against HCV, oral ribavirin in combination with inter-feron-a (Rebatron) is approved for this indication and is effective in patients resistant to interferon therapy alone. Intravenous ribavirin may be useful in the therapy of Hantaan virus infection, Crimean or Congo virus hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, and severe adenovirus infection. 

Infants with SCID have profound immunodehciency and present with frequent episodes of diarrhea, pneumonia, otitis, sepsis, and cutaneous infections. Persistent infections with opportunistic organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii, Epstein-Barr virus, Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, parainhuenzae 3 virus, respiratory syncitial virus, adenovirus, varicella, and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lead to death within the hrst or second year of life. ADA dehciency also occurs in adults, but with a much later onset and nhlder, but clinically discernible, immunodehciency [3,5]. 

Intravenous cidofovir is effective for the treatment of CMV retinitis and is used experimentally to treat adenovirus infections. Intravenous cidofovir must be administered with high-dose probenecid (2 g at 3 hours before the infusion and 1 g at 2 and 8 hours after), which blocks active tubular secretion and decreases nephrotoxicity. Cidofovir dosage must be adjusted for alterations in the calculated creatinine clearance or for the presence of urine protein before each infusion, and aggressive adjunctive hydration is required. Initiation of cidofovir therapy is contraindicated in patients with existing renal insufficiency. Direct intravitreal administration of cidofovir is not recommended because of ocular toxicity. 

Furthermore, infection of adult rat myocytes with adenoviral vectors containing either wild-type or L39stop PLN cDNAs indicated that wild type PLN decreased the contractile parameters and calcium kinetics, compared to control cells infected with an adenovirus expression GFP. However, the PLN-L39stop did not alter myocyte mechanics or calcium cycling. 

Fig. l.A sample plate from a screen to identify small molecules that upregulate the expression of a cyclin-luciferase reporter protein. HeLa cells were infected with an adenovirus expressing cyclin-luciferase, as described in the methods section. The graph shows the activity of all wells from a single 384-well plate. Several compounds that upregulate cyclin-luciferase expression were identified. 

Other protocols involve cell lines with integrated rep/cap cassettes (Clark et al., 1995 Gao et al., 1998 Liu et al., 1999 Chadeuf et al., 2000 Mathews et al., 2002 Qiao et al., 2002a,b) infected with adenovirus or, alternatively, a recombinant herpesvirus system has been used to provide both helper virus function and rep/cap (Conway et al., 1997, 1999). In a switch away from using mammalian cell and helper virus production systems, rAAV vectors have been made in insect cells where the AAV genes are expressed under the control of insect promoters and the traditional helper virus gene products are not required (Urabe et al., 2002). Stable producer cell... 

Relatively innocuous factors can also sometimes influence liver enzyme activity. For example, the metabolic elimination of the bronchodilator theophylline has been reported to be prolonged in patients with influenza A or adenovirus infections. In 1990, an influenza epidemic in Seattle resulted in the admission of 11 children with high serum levels of theophylline and confirmed drug toxicity. These effects appear to be confined to cytochrome P450-based drug biotransformation. They may be related to the generation of interferons as a result of these infections, which, presumably, are causally related to the inhibitory effect on hydroxylases and demethylases. 

Adeno-associated virus contains linear single-stranded DNA genome comprising only rep and cap genes non-immunogenic replication requies co-infection with lack of suitable packaging cell lines lowtiters (105—106) virus particles/ml) small DNA insertion capacity ( 4.7kb) adenovirus or other viruses... 

Zhou D, Cun A, Li Y, Xiang Z, Ertl HC. A chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein as an oral vaccine against inhalation infection with rabies virus. Mol Ther 2006 14 662-72. 

TNF-a, IL-12, and GMCSF (CaudeU et aL, 2002). However, when IL-24 is over expressed via an adenovirus gene delivery system, it selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells but not normal cells (Madireddi et at, 2000 Mhashilkar et at, 2001). The mechanisms that distinguish the different biological activities of lL-24 are currently under intense investigation. Finally, lL-26 was identified as a molecule secreted by T-cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri (Knappe et at, 2000). lL-26 has been shown to be up-regulated in NK and T cells by 1L-2/1L-12 and anti-CD3 antibody. However, the specific functional properties of lL-26 have not been reported. 

A number of studies have indicated that CAR is the m or host cell determinant of adenovirus infection in vivo. CAR has been shown to be highly expressed in the heart (Tomko et at, 1997), and this observation is consistent with adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to cardiac tissue in vivo (Rosengart et at, 1999). GAR expression has been reported to be low or absent on primary human fibroblasts (Hidaka et al., 1999) and most peripheral blood cells (Leon et al., 1998 Huang et al., 1997), and these cell types have proved difficult to transduce with adenovirus vectors. In more recent studies, peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from transgenic mice expressing human GAR were shown to permit efficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery (Schmidt et al, 2000). 

The isolation and characterization of adenovirus mRNA from cells infected with adenovirus type 2 was described [114]. Purification of the poly(A) containing mRNA was achieved on a poly(U)-Sepharose column and the mRNA was separated from 95% of the rRNA and tRNA. Poly(U)-Sepharose has also been used to separate mRNA from polysomes of KB cells, and recoveries of 90% were reported [115]. 

Adenoviruses can be the cause of hepatitis in newborns or immunosuppressed persons, sometimes even with a fulminant course. They bring about the formation of inclusion bodies in the hepatocellular nuclei. Adenovirus infections can be diagnosed either serologically or by virus isolation. (77-79)... 

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a non-pathogenic member of the parvovirus family. Its single-stranded DNA viral genome requires co-infection with either adenovirus or HSV for its own replication/propagation. Wild-type AAV encodes two viral gene products, Rep and Cap, which function in rep-lication/integration and structural stability, respectively. Vectors... 

Smith GM, Hale J, Pasnikowski EM, Lindsay RM, Wong V, Rudge IS (1996a) Astrocytes infected with replication-defective adenovirus containing a secreted form of CNTF or NT3 show enhanced support of neuronal populations in vitro. Exp Neurol 139 156-166. 

Cavalli-Bjorkman N, Osby E, Lundin J, Kalin M, Osterborg A, Gruber A. Fatal adenovirus infection during alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) treatment of a patient with fludarabine-refractory B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2002 19(4) 277-80. 

Azaguanine-resistant avian sarcoma virus-infected cells were less tu-morigenic than nonresistant cells in hamsters. Incubation of cells (infected with adenoviruses in tissue culture) with 8-azaguanine (10 M) inhibited reproduction of the virus. At this concentration, the drug was not toxic for healthy mammalian cells. ... 

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