Inhibited reproduction

The queen is usually reproductively dominant within the colony and uses chemical cues as both primer and releaser pheromones to suppress the production or fecundity of other sexuals, inhibit reproduction by worker castes, modulate reproductive behaviors (e.g., inhibit swarming and orient swarms), attract males, regulate worker tasks and worker ontogeny, and produce host repellents in slave-making species. Considering the importance of queen semiochemicals in social hymenoptera, few queen pheromones have been chemically identified. The queens of most social hymenopteran colonies are attractive to workers, allowing them to be properly tended as well as to facilitate the dissemination of other pheromone cues. However, the retinue pheromone has been chemically identified in very few species. In the 1980s, queen pheromone components were identified in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta [91,92], and in the Pharaoh s ant, Monomoriumpharaonis [93]. 

Sandworm, Neanthes arenaceodentata 20 pg/L for 23 days Inhibited reproduction at 1.5% salinity 28... 

Representative nickel-sensitive aquatic species show sublethal effects at 11.7 to 125 pg Ni/L. These effects include altered immunoregulatory mechanisms in tissues of the rainbow trout at 11.7 pg/L (Bowser etal. 1994), inhibited reproduction of daphnids at 30 pg/L, growth inhibition of freshwater and marine algae at 30 to 125 pg/L, reduced growth of rainbow trout at 35 pg/L, accumulation from the medium by mussels at 56 pg/L, and abnormal development of sea urchin embryos at 58 pg/L (NRCC 1981 WHO 1991 Outridge and Scheuhammer 1993 Table 6.7). 

A freshwater sponge (Ephydatia fluviatilis) grew normally at a concentration of 0.65 pg Zn/L, but growth was reduced at lower concentrations tested (Francis and Harrison 1988). Daphnids (Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna) reared for six brood cycles in zinc-free water showed reduced survival, inhibited reproduction, and cuticle damage (Keating and Caffrey 1989). Zinc is important... 

Sensitive terrestrial plants die when soil zinc levels exceed 100 mg/kg (oak and maple seedlings), and photosynthesis is inhibited in lichens at >178 mg Zn/kg DW whole plant. Sensitive terrestrial invertebrates have reduced survival when soil levels exceed 470 mg Zn/kg (earthworms), reduced growth at >300 mg Zn/kg diet (slugs), and inhibited reproduction at >1600 mg Zn/kg soil (woodlouse). The most sensitive aquatic species were adversely affected at nominal water concentrations between 10 and 25 pg Zn/L, including representative species of plants, protozoans, sponges,... 

Inhibited reproduction of daphnids and delayed emergence of larval midges by fluorene (Finger et al. 1985)... 

Inhibited reproduction (ICRP 1977 Barendson 1990 Kiefer 1990 Rose 1992)... 

HOUSEFLIES, Musca domestica 250-5000 mg B/kg diet, as boric acid Inhibits reproduction (2)... 

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