Acids containing

Since free protons cannot exist, acidic properties can only be shown when the solvent can act as a proton acceptor, i.e. as a base. Thus aqueous solutions of acids contain the hydroxonium ion,... 

Typical organic acids contain the --C(0)0H group, but many other acid groupings, e.g. the sulphonic -S(0)20H give acidic properties to organic compounds. Phenols have acidic properties and are classified with enols as pseudo-acids. 

C5H10O2, CHjCOOPr. Colourless liquid with a fragrant odour b.p. 88 C. Manufactured by leading propene into hot ethanoic acid containing sulphuric acid, or by heating isopropyl alcohol with ethanoic and sulphuric acids. Used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate and various gums. 

The majority of acids contained in the diesel cuts are cyclic and come from cyclopentane or cyclohexane. They are better known as naphthenic acids / ... 

This reaction proceeds slowly in aqueous solution, so that the basic salt. Sn(OH)Cl, is slowly precipitated. Addition of excess hydrochloric acid gives the acids of formulae HSnCl3 and H2SnCl4. Salts of these acids containing the ions SnCl J and SnCl (chloro-stannates(II)) are known. 

Pure sulphuric acid is a colourless, viscous and rather heavy liquid (density 1.84 g cm ). On heating, it decomposes near its boiling point, forming sulphur trioxide and a constant boiling (603 K) mixture of water and sulphuric acid containing 98% of the latter. This is concentrated sulphuric acid, which is usually used. Further heating gives complete dissociation into water and sulphur trioxide. 

In addition to the simple acids discussed above, sulphur forms two peroxosulphuric acids containing the —O—O— linkage and a number of thionic acids containing more than one sulphur atom. 

Then detach and reverse the condenser, and reconnect it to the flask through a knee-tube for direct distillation, as shown in Fig. 60, p. 101, or Fig. 23(0), p. 45. Distil the mixture, by direct heating over a gauze, until about 8 ml. of distillate have been collected. Acetic acid is volatile in steam and an aqueous solution of the acid, containing, however, some acetaldehyde, is thus obtained. With a very small portion of this solution, perform the tests for acetic acid given on p. 347. 

Add 15 g. of finely powdered ammonium carbonate gradually to 50 ml. of glacial acetic acid contained in a 150 ml. round-bottomed flask, shaking the mixture during the addition to ensure a steady evolution of carbon dioxide. When all the carbonate has... 

Dissolve I g. of finely powdered acetanilide in 5 ml. of cold glacial acetic acid contained in a 25 ml. conical flask. Then in another small flask prepare a solution of 0 42 ml. (1 34 g.) of bromine (care ) in 6 ml. of glacial acetic acid, and add this solution slowly to the acetanilide solution, shaking the latter throughout the addition to ensure thorough mixing. Allow the final mixture to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes. Then... 

Nitrations are usually carried out at comparatively low temperatures at higher temperatures there may be loss of material because of the oxidising action of the nitric acid. For substances which do not nitrate readily with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids ( mixed acid ), the intensity of the reaction may be increased inler alia by the use of fuming sulphuric acid (containing up to 60 per cent, of sulphur trioxide) or by fuming nitric acid. Thus nitrobenzene is converted by a mixture of fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid into about 90 per cent, of wi-dinitrobenzene and small amounts of the o- and p-isomers the latter are eliminated in the process of recrystallisation ... 

Dissolve 30 g. (31-5 ml.) of technical dimethylaniline in 105 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid contained in a 600 ml. beaker, and add finely-crushed ice until the temperature falls below 5°. Stir the contents of the beaker mechanically (or, less satisfactorily, with a thermometer) and slowly add [ca. 10 minutes) a solution of 18 g. of sodium nitrite in 30 ml. of water from a separatory funnel, the stem of which dips beneath the surface of the liquid. Maintain the temperature below 8° by the... 

Add 25 g. of finely-powdered, dry acetanilide to 25 ml. of glacial acetic acid contained in a 500 ml. beaker introduce into the well-stirred mixture 92 g. (50 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid. The mixture becomes warm and a clear solution results. Surround the beaker with a freezing mixture of ice and salt, and stir the solution mechanically. Support a separatory funnel, containing a cold mixture of 15 -5 g. (11 ml.) of concentrated nitric acid and 12 -5 g. (7 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid, over the beaker. When the temperature of the solution falls to 0-2°, run in the acid mixture gradually while the temperature is maintained below 10°. After all the mixed acid has been added, remove the beaker from the freezing mixture, and allow it to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. Pour the reaction mixture on to 250 g. of crushed ice (or into 500 ml. of cold water), whereby the crude nitroacetanilide is at once precipitated. Allow to stand for 15 minutes, filter with suction on a Buchner funnel, wash it thoroughly with cold water until free from acids (test the wash water), and drain well. Recrystallise the pale yellow product from alcohol or methylated spirit (see Section IV,12 for experimental details), filter at the pump, wash with a httle cold alcohol, and dry in the air upon filter paper. [The yellow o-nitroacetanihde remains in the filtrate.] The yield of p-nitroacetanihde, a colourless crystalline sohd of m.p. 214°, is 20 g. 

Method 1. Cool a solution of 33 g. of hydroquinone in 150 ml. of 60 per cent, acetic acid contained in a 600 ml. beaker to below 5° in an ice bath. Dissolve 42 g. of chromic anhydride in 70 ml. of water, and add 30 ml. of glacial acetic acid. By means of a separatory funnel with bent stem and supported over the beaker, add the chromic anhydride solution... 

Acetanilide from acetophenone. Dissolve 12 g. of acetophenone in 100 ml. of glacial acetic acid containing 10 g. of concentrated sulphuric acid. To the stirred solution at 60-70°, add 9 8 g. of sodium azide in small portions at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 70°. Stir the mixture with gentle heating until the evolution of nitrogen subsides (2-3 hours) and then allow to stand overnight at room temperature. Pour the reaction mixture on to 300 g. of crushed ice, filter the solid product, wash it with water and dry at 100°. The yield of crude acetanilide, m.p. 111-112°, is 13 g. Recrystallisation from water raises the m.p. to 114°. 

Rinse the walls of the flask with a httle water and complete the reaction by heating the mixture (which consists of two layers and a precipitate of sodium chloride) on a boiling water bath for 15 minutes with vigorous mechanical stirring. Pour the hot reaction mixture into 1500 ml. of glacial acetic acid contained in a 4-htre round-bottomed flask rinse the flask with 250 ml. of acetic acid. Cool the solution in an ice bath to 5° (11), stir mechanically, and add a solution of 125 g. of sodium nitrite in 250 ml. 

Oxidation of galactose (or a galactose-containing sugar) to mucic acid. Dissolve 1 g. of galactose or lactose in a mixture of 10 ml. of water and 5 ml. of concentrated nitric acid contained in a small evaporating dish, and evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath. Stir the cold residue with 10 ml. of cold water, filter off the mucic acid, wash it with cold water, dry and determine the m.p. (212-213° with decomposition). 

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