Single acid containing compounds

The behavior of compounds A and B on solvolysis in acetic acid containing acetate ion has been studied. The solvolysis of A is about 13 times faster than that of B. Kinetic studies in the case of A show that A is racemized competitively with solvolysis. A single product is formed from A, but B gives a mixture. Explain these results. 

Using powder as a starting material, single crystals were grown from a solution of hydrofluoric acid containing appropriate concentrations of each type of compound (M = K or Rb), using the slow cooling method [206, 209, 211,438],... 

When 35 was heated in acetic acid containing hydrogen bromide, the tribromide 46 was obtained as a single product in 74% yield. Debromina-tion of 46 with zinc dust in acetic acid furnished the cyclohexene derivative 47, which was converted into compound 48 by osmium tetraoxide hydroxyl-ation and acetylation. The substitution reaction of 48 with acetate ions provided carba-a-DL-glucopyranose pentaacetate (49), which gave the carba-sugar 50 on hydrolysis. ... 

Gold is very stable chemically and seldom forms compounds. The most common and important ore of gold is the native element itself. Native gold often contains small amounts of silver, and sometimes copper or iron. Pure gold is not soluble in any single acid, nor does it tarnish. 

Propose single-step and multistep syntheses of carboxylic acids from compounds containing other functional groups. 

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