Oxygen-containing acid

The weakly basic 2-aminothiazoles are most readily diazotized in concentrated solutions of oxygen containing acids such as sulfuric acid, 40 to 50% (322-326) fiuoroboric phosphoric acids (589) phosphoric acid (327, 328) and mixtures of phosphoric and nitric acid (74. 322, 323. 329-331). From strong acid solutions, solid diazonium salts can be isolated (34, 332. 333). 

Unlike chlorine and fluorine, the free bromine and iodine are produced by chemical methods (reaction of chlorine with bromide or iodide solutions). Electrochemical methods are used to produce the salts of their oxygen-containing acids, the bromates and iodates, from the corresponding bromide and iodide solutions. These reactions are analogous to those in chlorate production [Eqs. (15.31) to (15.34)] and involve the intermediate formation of hypobromites and hypoiodites. 

In addition to X-464, now called nigericin, two other oxygen-containing acids which gave water-insoluble, but ether-soluble, sodium and... 

In addition to the oxoacids, there are a small number of other acids, such as HC1, that do not contain oxygen. Although the pure, gaseous compound HC1 is named hydrogen chloride according to the rules for binary compounds, the aqueous solution is named hydrochloric acid, HCl(a ). This example is typical of non-oxygen-containing acids The prefix hydro- and the suffix -ic acid are used for the aqueous solution in such cases. 

Esters are compounds that are commonly formed by the reaction of oxygen-containing acids with alcohols. The ester functional group is 0... 

TABLE IV. Summary Data For Oxygen-Containing Acids In Feedstock and Upgraded Anthracene Oil... 

With his colleague Louis-Jacques Thenard (1777-1857), Gay-Lussac did considerable work with electrochemistry to produce significant amounts of elemental sodium and potassium, highly reactive and useful substances that were used to isolate and discover the element boron. Gay-Lussac also completed extensive studies of acids and bases and was the first to deduce that there were binary (two element) acids such as hydrochloric acid (HC1) in addition to the known oxygen-containing acids like sulfuric acid (H2S04). Additionally, he was able to determine the chemical composition of prussic acid to be hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and was considered the foremost practitioner of organic analysis. 

From its position in a table of electrode potentials, one would expect lead to replace hydrogen from acids. But the difference in electrode potentials between the two elements is so small (0.126 volts), that lead reacts with most acids only very slowly indeed. The element does tend to react with oxygen-containing acids more readily, but only because of oxidation that may take place at the same time. 

Hydrochloric acid is a convenient acid for laboratory-scale electrolysis it is easy to remove during the workup by evaporation. The oxygen-containing acids, such as sulfuric or perchloric acid, must be neutralized before basic products can be extracted. Sulfuric acid is most conveniently neutralized by concentrated ammonia rather than by sodium hydroxide, whereby the precipitation of sodium sulfate is avoided. 

Chlorine is known to occur in seven formally positive valency states. Chlorine in its higher degrees of oxidation is found primarily in chlorine fluorides or oxides and in oxygen-containing acids. As for CIN bonds, only C1(I) derivatives have been studied. 

Table 2.8 Names of Some Oxygen-Containing Acids...

Thorium (IV) oxide is obtained by thermal decomposition of thorium oxide hydrate (which is precipitated with ammonia) or salts of oxygen-containing acids. The nitrate and oxalate are especially suitable as starting materials, while the sulfates give off the last traces of SO3 only with difficulty. 

To explain the rearran ment of the ions (22) into hydroxybenzenium ones several schemes were suggestedOne of them implied the addition of an oxygen-containing acid anion to the 2(6)- or 4-positions of ion (22) and the subsequent cleavage of NOJ from the formed cyclohexadiene. In the case of l-nitro- 0-... 

C20H24N2O2, Mr 324.42 cryst. bitter substance, mp. 177 °C (as trihydrate mp. 57 °C), [a]o - 117° (CHCI,), Q. is a quinoline alkaloid, poorly soluble in water, readily soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, chloroform). It dissolves in oxygen-containing acids with a blue fluorescence like quinidine. Like other Cinchona alkaloids Q. forms soluble salts in plants, especially with quinic acid and tannins, e.g., as quinine citrate. The sulfate and hydrochloride of Q. are used in therapy. Q. is also used in racemate separations. "Quini-... 

At our disposal we have sila-analogs of choline, acetylcholine, colamine, biogenic amines, and oxygen-containing acids of phosphorus a.o. But we failed to isolate aspirin and ascorbic acid sila-analogs. 

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