Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Water/diesel emulsion

A new development is the use of emulsions as fuels for vehicles. The following studies have been selected from the numerous patent sources on this topic. The possibility of making stable water-diesel emulsions containing 10% of water and 0.75% of an emulsifier whose composition is not specified is shown in [248]. When the water content increases, the emulsions break. [Pg.580]

The density of heavy fuels is greater than 0.920 kg/1 at 15°C. The marine diesel consumers focus close attention on the fuel density because of having to centrifuge water out of the fuel. Beyond 0.991 kg/1, the density difference between the two phases —aqueous and hydrocarbon— becomes too small for correct operation of conventional centrifuges technical improvements are possible but costly. In extreme cases of fuels being too heavy, it is possible to rely on water-fuel emulsions, which can have some advantages of better atomization in the injection nozzle and a reduction of pollutant emissions such as smoke and nitrogen oxides. [Pg.236]

SANDS Low pressure. Water or mud blocking. Loss of crude or diesel oil used as completion fluid. Minimum filtration rate water-base muds. Minimum filtration rate water-base emulsions. Miminum filtration rate oU-base emulsions. Oil-base muds. Inhibited muds. Minimum weight muds. Crude oil or diesel oil. Add oil-soluble lost circulation material. [Pg.704]

Extensive investigations at the Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Vehicle Technology at the University of Applied Science in Trier as well as practical tests showed that soot emissions were lowered by more than 90% upon the application of water-diesel micro emulsions (see Fig. 11.5(a)). Interestingly, the NO -particulate matter trade-off is avoided, i.e. nitrogen oxide emissions are also lowered significantly (Fig. 11.5(b)). The surfactants used for the formation of the microemulsion are oxidised species, which, as already mentioned above, decrease the soot formation further. [Pg.355]

Table 6.2. Effect of antiflocculation additive (CrStj) on sedimentation stability of water-Diesel fuel emulsions stabilised by nonionics... Table 6.2. Effect of antiflocculation additive (CrStj) on sedimentation stability of water-Diesel fuel emulsions stabilised by nonionics...
Investigations on water-fuel emulsions using different types of fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil are discussed in [250], based on results on emulsion droplet stabilisation against flocculation and coalescence [50 - 58]. Water-gasoline fuels containing up to 10% of water... [Pg.580]

Experiments were conducted with different types of hydrocarbon fuels to produce steam-gas mixture at high pressures. Natural gas, crude oil, water-oil emulsions, diesel fuel and kerosene-all of them were tested for their suitability as fuel. This type of steam-gas generator was already tested in Bashkiria under different operating conditions, first, on a bench-size model and, subsequendy, on a pilot installation in the oil field. [Pg.186]

Stability of Acid-in-Diesel Emulsions. Al-Anazi et al. [14] showed that acid-in-diesel emulsion is stable for more than three days at room temperature. However, at high temperatures it breaks down and an aqueous (acidic) phase was noted at the bottom of the test tube. Figure 4 depicts the volume of the separated aqueous phase as a function of time at 96 °C. The aqueous phase first appears after 85 minutes. The volume of separated acid gradually increases until complete phase separation occurs after nearly 220 minutes. In the presence of reservoir rock, the aqueous phase appears after approximately 20 minutes, and complete phase separation takes place after an hour. These results indicate lower emulsion stability in the presence of calcite. The acid reaction with the carbonate rock produces water (which causes the pH to rise) and calcium chloride. It appears from these results that the surfactant moves away from the acid-diesel interface as the pH or ionic strength increases, which causes the emulsion to break. [Pg.336]

The system is composed on the additive package, which includes dispersant-t5 e chemistry, water, diesel fuels and season components, and a blending unit, which includes the mechanical and electronic components necessary to provide a stable water-fuel emulsion, the final PuriNOx fuel product. The system is currently being used in several key cities in North America and Europe with emissions problems for both off and on-road applications. [Pg.146]

Oil-Base Muds. Oil-base muds contain oil as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase. Oil-base muds contain less than 5% (by volume) water, while oil-base emulsion muds (invert emulsions) have more than 5% water in mud. Oil-base muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt the filtrate is oil. [Pg.651]

Other emulsion test methods are used to rate the ability of fuel to shed water. These methods include ASTM D-1401 and the Waring Blender Test. The ASTM D-1401 method is a lubricant test method, but has been adopted by the U.S. military for rating diesel fuel demulsibility.This method is summarized by ASTM as follows ... [Pg.185]

Diesel-water emulsions are being studied extensively worldwide because of the impact these fuels have on reducing engine exhaust emissions, especially NOx and particulates. Although formulations vary, a typical diesel-water emulsion will contain approximately 80% to 90% diesel fuel, 10% to 15% water, and 1% to 5% of an emulsification additive mixture. The resulting fuel blend is transparent in appearance and has the typical appearance of diesel fuel. [Pg.306]

Diesel-water emulsions are not approved for shipment by finished product pipeline companies. Consequently, the emulsion must be made on-site or near the point of sale. Other issues currently being resolved deal with improving the cold-temperature handling properties of the high-water-content fuel and improving the long-term storage stability of fuel blends... [Pg.306]

Diesel oil and BCO is a two phases system since Diesel is insoluble in BCO and vice versa. They are not miscible. If the Diesel oil/BCO system must be used as fuel, a stable emulsion is necessary. In the simplest emulsion a phase (oil or water) is dispersed in the continuous medium (water or oil) in the form of droplets. In this case Diesel oil has been considered as the oil phase and BCO as the water phase because of its consistent water percentage. Three kinds of emulsions can be prepared according to the value of the BCO/Diesel oil ratio ... [Pg.1528]

Water in oil emulsions (W/O) are obtained when up to about 45% by weight of BCO is added to the Diesel oil phase. [Pg.1528]

In the first case, the BCD s droplets dispersed in the Diesel oil (continuous medium) form the emulsion. In the second case Diesel oil s droplets are dispersed in BCO (continuous medium). The third case s description is more complex in fact theoretically there are no droplets and Diesel oil and water phases are continuous and form a bicontinuous emulsion". [Pg.1528]

A very interesting technology for blending diesel fuels has been developed by Total-Fina-Elf company. Not only are diesel fractions from different units blended, but also the diesel fuel blend and a small amount of water are mixed together. The name of the new generation of diesel fuel is Aquazole . It exists as an emulsion of water in diesel fuel. [Pg.301]

Two other effects due to surface tension are the capillary rise of liquids in small tubes and porous wicks (without which kerosene lanterns or copper sweat-solder fittings wouid not work at all) and the tendency of jets of liquid to break up into drops (asj from a garden hose or diesel fuel injector). Surface tension effects are very important in systems involving large surface areas, such as emulsions (mayonnaise, cold cream, water-based paints) and multiphase flow through porous media (oil fields). We discuss the effects in Chap. 17 see also Refs. 4 and 5. [Pg.15]

Fuel emulsions for diesel engines, stable within a period of over 6 months and containing 10% to 30% water at relatively low emulsifier amounts have been comprehensively tested on a stand scale, as well as on vehicles (heavy trucks, marine vessels). However, commercialisation of these fuels as for car engines requires changes to be made in the design of their fuel systems. At the same time, this problem has been successfully solved for the river vessels [251]. [Pg.581]

It was shown that in the presence of oil-soluble surfactants, stable foams are formed at a certain water content in diesel fuel, and maximum stability is achieved at a relatively low aqueous phase concentration (1% - 2%) corresponding to the transition of the solubilised solution to an inverted emulsion [265] with increasing viscosity of the surfactant solutions in the diesel fuel, the foam stability increases substantially. These ideas can be used when considering foam formation in other petroleum products containing small amounts of water and natural surfactants. [Pg.585]

These experiments proved that the acoustic technique is capable of characterizing the PSD of relatively stable emulsions. In many instances, emulsions are found that are not stable at the dispersed volume concentration required to obtain sufficient attenuation signals (usually above 0.5%). Hazy water in fuel emulsions (diesel, jet fuel, gasoline) may exist at low water concentrations of only a few 100 ppmv (0.01%) of dispersed water. Attempts at characterizing... [Pg.197]

Emulsified fracturing fluids are typically very viscous polymer oil-inwater emulsions that may consist of60-70% hquid hydrocarbon dispersed in 30-40% aqueous solution or gel. The hydrocarbon phase may be diesel fuel, kerosene, or even crude oils and condensates. The aqueous phase may consist of gelled fresh water, a KCl solution or an acid solution. Emulsion fracturing fluids may be applied to oil or gas wells, particularly in low pressure formations susceptible to water blockage, and for bottom-hole temperatures of up to about 150 °C. They can provide excellent fluid loss control, possess good transport properties and can be less damaging to the reservoir than other fluids. However, emulsions are more difficult to prepare and can be more expensive. [Pg.87]


See other pages where Water/diesel emulsion is mentioned: [Pg.614]    [Pg.614]    [Pg.629]    [Pg.147]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.354]    [Pg.916]    [Pg.1413]    [Pg.112]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.239]    [Pg.452]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.145]    [Pg.72]    [Pg.463]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.1528]    [Pg.1530]    [Pg.358]    [Pg.463]    [Pg.565]    [Pg.354]    [Pg.104]    [Pg.332]    [Pg.84]    [Pg.521]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.580 ]




SEARCH



Diesel

Dieselization

© 2024 chempedia.info