Emulsion test

Other emulsion test methods are used to rate the ability of fuel to shed water. These methods include ASTM D-1401 and the Waring Blender Test. The ASTM D-1401 method is a lubricant test method, but has been adopted by the U.S. military for rating diesel fuel demulsibility.This method is summarized by ASTM as follows ... 

For emulsion tests, polyamide-coated terephthalate plastic plates are attached powder-side down by double-faced transparent tape strips to the undersurface of the lid of 9 x 1 cm Pyrex Petri dishes. The plates, 2x3 cm, are cut from standard 20 x 20 cm polyamide-terephthalate plates used for thin-layer chromatography. They are Polygram - Polyamide-6 UV254, procured from Macherey-Nagel and Co. through Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, N.Y. As indicated, they contain a fluorophore (zinc silicate) activated by short-wave UV, but not active in the 360-nm range used herein. 

Example. It is desired to make a 15% O/W emulsion of a paraffinic mineral oil. Using a series of blends of emulsifiers A (HLB 4.7) and B (HLB 14.9), a set of emulsion tests are performed, with the following results ... 

Emulsion Film Emulsion Flotation Emulsion Test... 

In general, emulsion tests range from simple identifications of emulsion presence and volume to detailed component analyses. The term frequently refers simply to the determination of sediments in an emulsion or oil sample. See Basic Sediment and Water. 

Figures 1 and 4 show the water flood matches to the water-wet and oil-wet lab model curves, respectively. The carbon dioxide flooding runs in the lab model were then matched by computer simulation. In the simulations, as in the lab model, the carbon dioxide slug was followed by waterflooding to an assumed economically limiting water cut of 98%, and the enhanced oil recovery was calculated as the difference between the ultimate total recovery at this point and that of a water flood starting from initial oil saturation and continued until a 98% water cut was reached. Secondary carbon dioxide floods started from the same initial oil saturation, while tertiary carbon dioxide floods started with the condition at the 98% water cut point in the simple water flood. Since the foam or emulsion tests involved a 1 1 ratio of water and carbon dioxide, comparisons are shown only for the case of 1 1 WAG operation vs foam.

To determine quickly if a compound had any activity as an antioxidant, a hemoglobin-catalyzed emulsion test (10) was developed and at the same time a similar test was developed by Berner et al. (12). In the system (10) the antioxidants were added at 100 fig and compared to BHT at the same concentration. Ascorbic acid and AP are weak in this system but they exhibit some activity, whereas ascorbates substituted... 

Apart from the tests performed on bitumen emulsions, tests are also performed on the residual bitumen contained in the emulsion. The tests on the bitumen residue (see Tables 3.14 and 3.15) have been described in the previous paragraphs of this chapter. 

Sampling of constituent materials is carried out in the central mixing plant or upon delivery of the materials on site. Aggregate testing procedures are the same as those for hot mixtures. Bitumen emulsion testing, as well as tests on the recovered bitumen, follows the requirements and test methods specified in the standard used. 

Upon epicutaneous testing with the Belgian standard series, the (meth)acrylate series (chemotechnique), and the patient s own material, the patient reacted (after 2 days and 4 days, respectively) to epoxy resin (++,++), ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA) (-h-l-, +), and 2,2-bis(4-[2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy]-phenyl)-propane (bis-GMA epoxy acrylate) (+-I-, -I-). He also reacted to the Saatigraf emulsion tested as is in a semi-open test (-H-, ++). 

In the past, many emulsion tests used modified dispersant tests. Several of the older tests of emulsion breakers were reviewed for the petroleum industry [149, 159], While most of the older tests reported positive results, the stability of the target emulsion was not measured or considered. In one series of tests, however, the elasticity of the emulsions was measured before and after treatment and this served as a test for effectiveness measurements [160], These scattered, early tests did show, however, that the amount of emulsion-breaking agent required was very low compared to dispersants [J59]. Many of the earlier investigators found that effectiveness was achieved at ratios as low as 1 1000 of agent to emulsion. 

Reaction and Work-Up Place the round-bottom flask in a heating bath that has been preheated to about 75 °C. and heat the reaction mixture with stirring at this temperature for 1.5 h. Remove the flask from the bath, cool the mixture to room temperature, and add 15 mL of water. Transfer the mixture to a separatory funnel. Extract the aqueous mixture with three separate 5-mL portions of dichloromethane shake the funnel gently to avoid forming an emulsion. Test the lower layer to verify that it is the organic layer, and combine all of the organic extracts. Save both the organic and the aqueous layers, as each must be worked up separately to isolate the two products. 

Fat emulsions for intravenous nutritional purposes have been developed to furnish abundant calories in a small volume without risks inherent in hyperosmotic solutions. They are also a good source of poly-unsaturated acids. A number of different kinds of observations show that such fat is well utilized by a variety of animal species and by humans. Intralipid which is based on soybean oil and egg lecithin has been widely used with few adverse reactions. Even in humans very high doses have not produced ill effects. Of all emulsions tested in monkeys only 107o Intralipid was well tolerated. Simultaneous infusion of solutions of... 

Atalay et al. (2011) determined the lipid peroxidation inhibition potential for nine lichen compounds in two lipid peroxidation test systems (liposome and emulsion systems). They found that isidiophorin, rhizonaldehyde, rhizonyl alcohol and pulmonarianin retarded lipid peroxidation at in both test systems. However, stictic acid and ergosterol peroxide exhibited antioxidant activity in only the liposome test system. Usnic acid and diffractaic acid were not antioxidants in either system, while stictic acid was not lipid peroxidation inhibitor in the emulsion test system. All compounds, which inhibited lipid peroxidation in both test systems, were also DPPH radical scavengers. 

J. L Marchal, P. Julien, N. Boussad, Bitumen Emulsion Testing Towards a Better Understanding of Emulsion Behavior, ASTM Symp. Asphalt Emulsion, 1990. 

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