Petroleum products containing

Petroleum products contain many fluorescing compounds, e.g., aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various heterocyclic... 

Earth Tech s bioremediation facihty can only accept and treat soils contaminated by virgin petroleum hydrocarbons generated from leaking underground storage tank sites and is not permitted for used petroleum products containing metals, such as waste oils. 

EPA) to aid in registering chemicals under the federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. CAS numbers are assigned to generic refinery process streams, such as kerosene and lube base stocks, that contain no additives. Petroleum products containing additives are termed "mixtures" by the TSCA and, as such, do not have CAS numbers. All chemical substances used in such mixtures are assigned CAS numbers and must be listed with the EPA by the refiner or the additive supplier. 

The EPA approved many of the methods published in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards for compliance monitoring under the CWA. ASTM methods used in environmental remediation projects determine soil properties, such as organic content, porosity, permeability, soil grain size, or the properties of free petroleum product contained in the subsurface, such as viscosity, density, and specific gravity. 

Scope of the Problem. Petroleum hydrocarbons are the principal components in a wide variety of commercial products (e.g., gasoline, fuel oils, lubricating oils, solvents, mineral spirits, mineral oils, and crude oil). Because of widespread use, disposal, and spills, environmental contamination is relatively common. It is important to understand that petroleum products are complex mixtures, typically containing hundreds of compounds. These include various amounts of aliphatic compounds (straight-chain, branched-chain, and cyclic alkanes and alkenes) and aromatic compounds (benzene and alkyl benzenes, naphthalenes, and PAHs). In addition, many petroleum products contain nonhydrocarbon additives such as alcohols, ethers, metals, and other chemicals that may affect the toxicity of the mixture. 

Efforts to develop standardized analytical procedure for measuring the metal content of petroleum products have been only partially successful the literature is replete with inaccurate data. However even allowing for substantial errors available data indicate that petroleum products contain substantial quantities of metals. 

It was shown that in the presence of oil-soluble surfactants, stable foams are formed at a certain water content in diesel fuel, and maximum stability is achieved at a relatively low aqueous phase concentration (1% - 2%) corresponding to the transition of the solubilised solution to an inverted emulsion [265] with increasing viscosity of the surfactant solutions in the diesel fuel, the foam stability increases substantially. These ideas can be used when considering foam formation in other petroleum products containing small amounts of water and natural surfactants. 

Petroleum and synthetic products. Crude petroleum products contain reduced sulphur compounds and reactive unsaturated compounds which are amenable to treatment with H2O2 [276]. Various additives used to enhance removal are alkali hydroxides [277], cation exchange resins [278] and surfactants [279], products being removed by distillation or extraction [280]. Sometimes, hydrogen peroxide can be... 

The standard does not relate to the petroleum products containing oxygenates (for example, MTBE - Methyl tert-butyl ether) or aromatic solvents (toluene, benzene and xylene), added to increase the octane number. It was recommended to re-examine the resistance of the polyester coatings in the fuels containing oxygenates [8]. 

This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensity. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming contituents as determined by Test Method D 482, will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Notes 2 and 3). 

In straight-run petroleum products which do not usually contain olefins, four types of hydrogen can be easily differentiated as seen in the spectrum in Figure 3.10 ... 

The Reid vapor pressure is generally barely different from the true vapor pressure at 37.8°C if the light gas content —methane, ethane, propane, and butane— of the sample is small, which is usually the case with petroleum products. The differences are greater for those products containing large quantities of dissolved gases such as the crude oils shown in Table 4.13. 

From complex cuts characterized in an overall manner, there is a transition towards mixtures containing only a limited number of hydrocarbon families or even compounds. This development has only just begun. It affects for the moment only certain products and certain geographical zones. It is leading gradually to a different view of both refining and the characterization of petroleum products. 

Large-scale recovery of light oil was commercialized in England, Germany, and the United States toward the end of the nineteenth century (151). Industrial coal-tar production dates from the earliest operation of coal-gas faciUties. The principal bulk commodities derived from coal tar are wood-preserving oils, road tars, industrial pitches, and coke. Naphthalene is obtained from tar oils by crystallization, tar acids are derived by extraction of tar oils with caustic, and tar bases by extraction with sulfuric acid. Coal tars generally contain less than 1% benzene and toluene, and may contain up to 1% xylene. The total U.S. production of BTX from coke-oven operations is insignificant compared to petroleum product consumptions. 

Perhaps the biggest contribution that technological advancement in petroleum production will make is bringing large volumes of unconventional petroleum resources, eg, heavy oil and tar sands, into a viable economic realm by lowering the unit cost of production. Compared to the inventory of conventional petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources, the physical inventories of such unconventional petroleum resources are extremely large for example, the Athabasca tar sands in Alberta, Canada, are estimated to contain 360 x 10 m (2250 x 10 bbl) of in-place petroleum (19). This volume is equivalent to the total inventory, ie, the combined cumulative production, reserves, and undiscovered resources, of world conventional cmde petroleum. In... 

Based on the evidence that acceptable recycled petroleum products can be produced, there is a considerable legislative record encouraging the recycling of used oil. Starting with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1976 (20), used oil was held apart from the normal hazardous waste system because the oil was viewed as a valuable commodity. This was followed by the Used Oil Recycling Act in 1980 (33), which removed any federal requirement that lubricants containing re-refined base oil carry special labeling. 

Deep C t lytic Crocking. This process is a variation of fluid catalytic cracking. It uses heavy petroleum fractions, such as heavy vacuum gas oil, to produce propylene- and butylene-rich gaseous products and an aromatic-rich Hquid product. The Hquid product contains predorninantiy ben2ene, toluene, and xylene (see BTX processing). This process is being developed by SINOPEC in China (42,73). SINOPEC is currentiy converting one of its fluid catalytic units into a demonstration unit with a capacity of 60,000 t/yr of vacuum gas oil feedstock. 

The high-chromium casting alloys (50% nickel, 50% chromium and 40% nickel, 60% chromium) are designated for use at temperatures up to 900 C in furnaces and boilers Ared by fuels containing vanadium, sulfur and sodium compounds (e.g., residual petroleum products). Alloys with lower chromium contents cannot be used with residual fuel oils at temperature above 6S0 C because the nickel reacts with the vanadium, sulfur and sodium -impurities to form compounds that are molten above 650 C [27]. 

Vessels, e g., waste heat boilers, in which steam is generated incidental to the operation of a processing system containing a number of pressure vessels, such as are used in chemical and petroleum products manufacture. (Equipment which may fire a supplemental fuel should be considered as a fired pressure vessel.)... 

Although olefins are intermediates in this reaction, the final product contains a very low olefin concentration. The overall reaction is endothermic due to the predominance of dehydrogenation and cracking. Methane and ethane are by-products from the cracking reaction. Table 6-1 shows the product yields obtained from the Cyclar process developed jointly by British Petroleum and UOP. ° A simplified flow scheme for the Cyclar process is shown in Figure 6-6. 

Deactivation of silica gel and preparation of the column is carried out as in Note 6, except that the checkers consider 20 g. of silica gel per gram of crude product to be adequate in this case. Running through a gradient of petroleum ether containing increasing amounts of ether, the submitters found that the product was eluted with 15% vjv ether, and the checkers found that 25% vjv ether was required. 

Yokohama Tire Corporation has combined citrus oil with NR to form super nanopower rubber (SNR) which is being used to reduce the use of petroleum products in the tire by 80%, [34]. Tires containing SNR are lighter than conventional equivalents, reduce rolling resistance by 18%, and are expected to hit the Japanese market later in 2007. 

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