Fracturing fluid emulsions

There are also several types of fracturing fluid emulsions (including water- and oil-based emulsions) [47,48] and foams (including water-, oil- and alcohol-based... 

Fracturing fluids are often classified into water-based fluids, oil-based fluids, alcohol-based fluids, emulsion fluids, and foam-based fluids. 

Roodhart, L.P. Davies, D.R. "Polymer Emulsion The Revival of a Fracturing Fluid , SPE/DOE paper 16413, 1987 SPE/DOE Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, May 18-19. 

Blauer, R.E., Phillips, A.M., and Craig, D.P. "Rheological and Physical Differences Between Foam and Emulsion Fracturing Fluids," SPE paper 18214, 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, October 2 5. 

Krishan, K., Kapoor, S., and Goyal, K.L. "Development of Polymer Emulsion as Fracturing Fluid," Chemical Abstracts 103(20) 162915z(1985). 

Siegele, F.H. "Oil Well Fracturing Wax Emulsion Fluid Loss Additive," US Patent 3,477,512(1969). 

Oilfield drilling fluids, organic titanium compounds in, 25 133 Oilfield emulsions, colloid, 7 274t Oilfield hydraulic fracturing fluids, organic titanium compounds in, 25 133 Oil fields, lithium in, 15 124 Oil-field waters, lithium-bearing, 15 128 Oil filters, phenolic resins in, 18 790 Oil-furnace blacks, 4 762 manufacture, 4 780—785 Oil gas, 6 787... 

Emulsion drilUng fluids emulsion fracturing, stimulation, acidizing fluids enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in situ emulsions produced (well-head) emulsions bituminous oil sand process and froth emulsions heavy oil pipeUne emulsions fuel oil and tanker emulsions... 

Emulsified fracturing fluids are typically very viscous polymer oil-inwater emulsions that may consist of60-70% hquid hydrocarbon dispersed in 30-40% aqueous solution or gel. The hydrocarbon phase may be diesel fuel, kerosene, or even crude oils and condensates. The aqueous phase may consist of gelled fresh water, a KCl solution or an acid solution. Emulsion fracturing fluids may be applied to oil or gas wells, particularly in low pressure formations susceptible to water blockage, and for bottom-hole temperatures of up to about 150 °C. They can provide excellent fluid loss control, possess good transport properties and can be less damaging to the reservoir than other fluids. However, emulsions are more difficult to prepare and can be more expensive. 

Harris, P. C. and Heath, J. J. Rheological Properties of Low Gel Loading Borate Fracture Gels, 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, October 5-8 (SPE 52399). Kakadijian, S., Rauseo, O., Marquez, R., Gabay, R., Tirado, Y, and Blanco, J. Crosslinked Emulsion to be used as Fracturing Fluids, SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry, Conference proceedings, pp. 497-506, Houston, Texas, USA, February 13-16, 2001. 

Emulsion PVC, emulsifiable concentrates, soluble liquids, acidizing fluids, water based fracturing fluids, oil based fluids, water based fluids, soluble oils, cleaners, pretreatment formulations, plating formulations, polyacrylamide emulsions, PVC, contaminant control... 

If the viscous bitumen in a tar sand formation can be made mobile by an admixture of either a hydrocarbon diluent or an emulsifying fluid, a relatively low temperature secondary recovery process is possible (emulsion steam drive). If the formation is impermeable, communication problems exist between injection and production weUs. However, it is possible to apply a solution or dilution process along a narrow fracture plane between injection and production weUs. 

The majority of hydraulic fracturing treatments are performed using water-based fluids foams (with nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the gas phase) have been used extensively in recent years to reduce formation damage. Oil-external emulsions have also been used for... 

Fluid loss additives are used are used to reduce the rate of fluid loss from the fracture to the formation and to naturally occurring macro- and micro-fractures within the formation. Silica flour (73,74), oil-soluble resins (75), diesel oil emulsions (5% by volume) (74) have also been used. 

Acids can sometimes break emulsions within the formation either by reducing the pH or by dissolving fine particles which can stabilize emulsions. Breaking the emulsion reduces fluid viscosity thus increases the fluid carrying capacity of the flow channel. Acids may be used as breakers to reduce the viscosity of acid-sensitive fracturing gels. 

Emulsions. Emulsion fluids and foams came into routine use in competition with crosslinked fluids during 1970-80. Simple, barely stable emulsions had been used early in fracturing. These were mainly emulsified acids that "broke" when the acid spent on the formation surfaces. In the late 1960 s Kiel became a proponent of very high viscosity oil fluids as a method to place exceptional (at the time) amounts of proppant(337,338). To avoid the frictional resistance typical of gelled oils he advanced the concept of preparing a very viscous oil-external emulsion with one part fresh water, 0.1% sodium tallate surfactant, and two parts oil. The viscous emulsion had to be pumped simultaneously with a water stream to minimize frictional pressure. This process was clumsy and still... 

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