Concentration volume

These mass per volume concentration units can be written as... 

Spanning, accompHshed using a sample gas containing a known volume concentration of impurity, is performed at levels that are the same order of magnitude as the required detection. The actual span concentration is selected so that the majority of expected measurements fall at or within its value. 

Pigment Volume Concentration. The volume relationship of pigments to binders is known as the pigment volume concentration (PF3Q. The mathematical calculation of PLT7, as shown in equation 1, is the total pigment volume divided by the total volume of pigment (Lp and soHd binder (F/ ) in the formula. 

Fig. 1. Formulation types where each number represents the percent of pigment volume concentration for the paint types shown.

Hiding power and tinting strength of a pigment also depend on concentration in the organic matrix. The concentration is usually expressed as the pigment volume concentration ... 

The relative viscosity of a dilute dispersion of rigid spherical particles is given by = 1 + ft0, where a is equal to [Tj], the limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) in terms of volume concentration, and ( ) is the volume fraction. Einstein has shown that, provided that the particle concentration is low enough and certain other conditions are met, [77] = 2.5, and the viscosity equation is then = 1 + 2.50. This expression is usually called the Einstein equation. 

MUNICIPAL WATER treatment). Scale-up of orthokinetic flocculators, generally in the form of paddle devices, is based on the product of mean velocity gradient and time, for a constant volume concentration of the flocculating particles. 

Viscosity of Systems with Dispersed Phases. A large proportion of coatings are pigmented and, therefore, have dispersed phases. In latex paints, both the pigments and the principal polymer are in dispersed phases. The viscosity of a coating having dispersed phases is a function of the volume concentration of the dispersed phase and can be expressed mathematically by the Mooney equation (96), a convenient form of which is... 

Equations to calculate size distributions from sedimentation data are based on the assumption that the particles fall freely in the suspension. In order to ensure that particle-particle interactton does not prevent free fall, an upper-volume concentration hmit of around 0.2 percent is recommended. 

FIA). Figure 25-39 presents a schematic of the sampling system. Results are reported as volume concentration equivalents of the cah-bration gas or as carbon equivalents. 

Flere C is the volume concentration of j-phase particles is the mass concentration of the analyte in the j-phase particles w is the x-ray fluorescence radiation yield t. is the mass absorption coefficient of the analyte for the primar y radiation d. is the j-phase particle effective size r fs... 

The principal requirement of a sampling system is to obtain a sample that is representative of the atmosphere at a particular place and time and that can be evaluated as a mass or volume concentration. Remote monitoring techniques are discussed in Chapter 15. The sampling system should not alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the sample in an undesirable manner. The major components of most sampling systems are an inlet manifold, an air mover, a collection medium, and a flow measurement device. 

This Materials Characterization Series attempts to address the needs of the practical materials user, with an emphasis on the newer areas of surface, interface, and thin film microcharacteri2ation. The Series is composed of the leading volume. Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, and a set of about 10 subsequent volumes concentrating on characterization of individual materials classes. 

The concentration that is required to yield 100% LEL varies with the characteristics of the identified organics. For example, ethanol has a 20,000 ppm by volume concentration whereas benzene has a 12,000 ppmv. 

Industrial reactors operate in the steady state with the volume, concentration, and temperature of the reaction mixture being constant... 

The significance of the amount of sulphur dioxide rather than the concentration has been demonstrated by other workers who have studied the effects of atmospheric flow rate. An increase in steel corrosion with increase in atmospheric flow rate at a constant volume concentration of sulphur... 

Fialkiewicz and Szandorowski examined the penetration of Sr and Cl ions through air-dried films of a styrenated alkyd pigmented with iron oxide over the range 10-60% p.v.c. (pigment volume concentration) and found intense penetration of the strontium cations, but negligible penetration of the chloride ions. 

Chemistry is a quantitative science. This means that a chemist wishes to know more than the qualitative fact that a reaction occurs. He must answer questions beginning How much. . . The quantities may be expressed in grams, volumes, concentrations, percentage composition, or a host of other practical units. Ultimately, however, the understanding of chemistry requires that amounts be related quantitatively to balanced chemical reactions. The study of the quantitative relationships implied by a chemical reaction is called stoichiometry. 

Viscosity, r, on small volume concentration of bubbles, cp, and a large distance between bubbles, is calculated as follows ... 

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