Additive package

Addition of approximately 40% of the halogen flame retardants are needed to obtain a reasonable degree of flame retardancy. This usually adversely affects the properties of the plastic. The efficiency of the halogens is enhanced by the addition of inorganic flame retardants, resulting ia the overall reduction of flame-retardant additive package and minimising the adverse effects of the retardants. 

Molybdenum Oxide. Molybdenum compounds incorporated into flexible PVC not only increase flame resistance, but also decrease smoke evolution. In Table 10 the effect of molybdenum oxide on the oxygen index of a flexible PVC containing 50 parts of a plasticizer is compared with antimony oxide. Antimony oxide is the superior synergist for flame retardancy but has Httle or no effect on smoke evolution. However, combinations of molybdenum oxide and antimony oxide may be used to reduce the total inorganic flame-retardant additive package, and obtain improved flame resistance and reduced smoke. 

Additive packages have been developed which do an exceUent job of preventing IVD. The key to effective operation is to keep the valve wet so that the additive can prevent deposit buildup. Most packages include a combination of detergent/dispersant and a carrier oil or heavy solvent. If no carrier oil is present, then the fuel may evaporate off the valve too rapidly for the package to be effective. When the valves do not rotate, the portion of the valve which has the highest deposit level is the back side which is not constantly wet. 

Comparisons are made on basestocks without additive packages. 

The latest government regulations set forth under the Toxic Substances Control Act and in PubHc Health Service pubHcations should be checked before formulating new lubricants. Users of lubricants should request Material Safety Data Sheets for each substance involved plus certification of compliance from vendors. Lubricant compounders should insist on similar information from their suppHers for any additive packages. Manufacturers of both additives and lubricants commonly make toxicity checks on commercial products. 

Benzene is alkylated with C g and C20+ olefins and subsequently sulfonated and neutralized with a dibasic salt such as calcium, magnesium, or barium. These so-called overbased sulfonates are used ia crankcase additive packages. 

The stabili2ation of polyolefins used to insulate copper conductors requires the use of a long-term antioxidant plus a copper deactivator. Both A[,Ar-bis(3,5-di-/ A-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamoyl)hydra2ine (29) and 2,2 -oxamidobisethyl(3,5-di-/ A-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamate) (30) are bifimctional. They are persistent antioxidants that have built-in metal deactivators. Oxalyl bis(ben2yhdenehydra2ide) (28) is an effective copper deactivator when part of an additive package that includes an antioxidant. 

Hence, the hot-dip compounds, or greases smeared cold, are better for assemblies with non-metallic parts masked if necessary. Solvent-containing protectives therefore find greater application in the protection of simple parts or components. The available means of application, the nature of any additional packaging and the economics and scale of the protective treatment are further factors that influence the choice of type of temporary corrosion preventive. 

Part 70 Color additives — This part includes a definition of a color additive, restrictions on use of color additives, packaging and labeling requirements, and safety evaluation of color additives. 

Typical additive packages for engineering thermoplastics have been described by Titzschkau [9], such as processing aids for PA, PP, or PET/PBT, three-component additive packages for polyamides and polyesters (nucleating agent, lubricant and process heat stabiliser) and coated copper stabilisers for polyamides. Additive packages or combinations of up to five or more additives are quite common. A typical white window PVC profile formulation comprises an acrylic impact modifier, TiC>2, CaCC>3, calcium stearate, a... 

To facilitate in-plant compounding, most suppliers have developed systems which efficiently and repro-ducibly deliver a controlled additive package to a compound, using either a specialised concentrate or a masterbatch formulation. Some of the polymer manufacturers have also made available advanced additive delivery systems, which they have often developed originally for their own use (e.g. Eastman, Montell). 

The ability to reproducibly determine the additive package present in polymers is of major concern to resin manufacturers, converters (compounders), end-users, regulators and others. Qualitative and/or quantitative knowledge of compounding ingredients, to be obtained by additive analysis, may be needed in various stages of a product lifecycle (Table 1.11). 

Vendor and competitor additive package analysis (reverse engineering)... 

The need for complete compositional analysis of additive packages in industrial plastics for both research and quality control applications has led to the development of numerous analyte-specific test procedures in recent years. 

Polymer/additive analysis then usually proceeds by separation of polymer and additives (cf. Scheme 2.12) using one out of many solvent extraction techniques (cf. Chapter 3). After extraction the residue is pressed into a thin film to verify that all extractables have been removed. UV spectroscopy is used for verification of the presence of components with a chromophoric moiety (phenolic antioxidants and/or UV absorbers) and IR spectroscopy to verify the absence of IR bands extraneous to the polymer. The XRF results before and after extraction are compared, especially when the elemental analysis does not comply with the preliminary indications of the nature of the additive package. This may occur for example in PA6/PA6.6 blends where... 

With the development of more and more additives with closely similar absorbance bands UV analysis has lost its original role as a premier additive analysis technique. However, UV analysis can still be a very useful technique if one knows the exact additive package in a sample and there are no unknowns. Then the concentrations of the additives can be determined from the absorbance using Beer s law. 

XRD analysis on sulfated ash residue of new additive packages in lubricating oils has indicated the presence of nonstoichiometric mixed salts of the elements Mg, Ca, Zn, P and B [60],... 

The scope of UV analysis of dissolved polymer/additive matrices is thus quite restricted and mainly limited to special cases in which the additive package is known, e.g. the determination of Irganox 1098 in GFR-PA4.6 after dissolution in H2SO4/HNO3. Fibre-optic dissolution analysis by means of a UV diode array spectrometer is well known. In comparison to IR spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometry is better equipped to provide quantitative data. 

Production Additive packages , masterbatches, blends (formulations)... 

In the preceding chapters did we succeed in cracking the code of additive packages both qualitatively and quantitatively Of course, the answer depends greatly on the complexity of the problem, but also on the general approach, which consists of two stages ... 

Quantitative analysis of multicomponent additive packages in polymers is difficult subject matter, as evidenced by results of round-robins [110,118,119]. Sample inhomogeneity is often greater than the error in analysis. In procedures entailing extraction/chromatography, the main uncertainty lies in the extraction stage. Chromatographic methods have become a ubiquitous part of quantitative chemical analysis. Dissolution procedures (without precipitation) lead to the most reliable quantitative results, provided that total dissolution can be achieved follow-up SEC-GC is molecular mass-limited by the requirements of GC. Of the various solid-state procedures (Table 10.27), only TG, SHS, and eventually Py, lead to easily obtainable accurate quantitation. 

Polyvinyl chloride resin, because of its inherent thermal instability and wide range of applications, requires us to develop additive recipes based on specific application and processing requirements. Typical additive packages include stabilizers, plasticizers, waxes, processing aids, pigments, and mineral additives. 

Several articles with informative bibliographies covering formation protection additives have appeared recently(97,101,102). The exact rock formation sample in question, the ionic strength of the treatment fluid, the preventive additives that are present, the pH of the fluid, and the test procedure employed all have significant effects on the test results. However, with careful experimentation using representative materials a preventive additive package can be administered as part of a water-based fracture treatment to allow effective stimulation of most hydrocarbon reservoirs. Because of this, water-based fracturing fluids are used in approximately 90% of all fracture treatments performed today. 

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