Waste sources

Conventional Wastes Sources and types of industrial solid wastes generated by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) group classification are reported in Table 25-49. The expected specific wastes in the table are those that are most readily identifiable. 

The major waste sources during normal nickel-chromium plating operations are alkaline cleaners, acid cleaners, plating baths, posttreatment baths, and auxiliary operation units. 

FIGURE 13.1 Determination of whether a waste is a solid waste. Source U.S. EPA, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act—Orientation Manual, Report EPA 530-R-02-016, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, January 2003. 

Lead is produced from both primary (i.e., mined ore) and secondary (i.e., scrap metal and wastes) sources, and is imported by the United States. In 1997, production from primary and secondary sources was 343,000 metric tons and 1.1 million metric tons, respectively (Smith 1998), and imports reached 265,000 metric tons (Larrabee 1998 Smith 1998). Approximately 1.6 million metric tons of lead were consumed in the United States in 1997 (Smith 1998). Of lead used in 1997, 86.9% was used for storage batteries, 7.8% was used in metal products, and 5.3% was used in miscellaneous applications (Smith 1998). Because of the adverse health effects associated with exposure to lead, its use in paints, ceramic products, gasoline additives (now banned), and solder has declined dramatically in recent years. In 1997,... 

Samples were taken from MSW in district Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi. Waste sources are mainly from households and small street restaurants without separation at source. In this district, waste composition contains high percentage of biowaste which accounts for 55-69%, and plastic and nylon bag are 4-5% and 1.5-2%, respectively [11, 12]. 

Page WJ (1997) Waste sources for polyhydroxyalkanoate production. In Eggink G, Steinbuchel A, Poirier Y, Witholt B (eds) 1996 International Symposium on Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, p 56... 

Some other experiments at various scales and using distinct organic waste sources have been carried out. Volumes between 0. lm3 and 10,000 m3 were used. In every experiment the methane production increased. Best results were obtained with pig manure. In this case the biogas production increased to 200 %. The experiments thus proved that it was possible to increase the gas production using intensified microbiological biomass decomposition. 

Mixed source waste (combination of different waste source with MSW, ash, coal, tires, etc.)... 

Dalrymple I and Sunderland G, The electrochemical recovery of metals and chemicals from waste sources, in ref (45a)... 

Coolant water, as radioactive waste source, 25 852 Coolers... 

Table 16.2 Composition of sludges or effluents from a few selected waste sources Units are g/m3 except for pulp and paper sludges (mg/kg). Dashes, not determined... 

The second waste source is discharge from oil sampling lines. This should be separable, but it may form emulsions in the sewer. 

A third waste source is very stable oil emulsions formed in the barometric condensers used to create the reduced pressures in the vacuum distillation units. However, when barometric condensers are replaced with surface condensers, oil vapors do not come into contact with water and consequently emulsions do not develop. 

The hydrogen manufacture process is relatively clean. In the steam reforming subprocess a potential waste source is the desulfurization unit, which is required for feedstock that has not already been desulfurized. This waste stream contains oil, sulfur compounds, and phenol. In the partial oxidation subprocess, free carbon is removed by a water wash. Carbon dioxide is discharged to the atmosphere at several points in the subprocess. 

Source control and waste minimization can be extremely effective in reducing the costs for in-plant controls and end-of-pipe treatment, and in some cases can eliminate the need for some treatment units entirely. The first step is to prepare an inventory of the waste sources and continuously monitor those sources for flow rates and contaminants. The next step is to develop in-plant operating and equipment changes to reduce the amount of wastes. The following are some of the techniques available for the pesticides manufacturing facilities. 

Low-volume waste sources include water treatment processes that prevent scale formation such as clarification, filtration, lime/lime soda softening, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and evaporation. Also included are drains and spills from floor and yard drains and laboratory streams. 

Phelps, D., Schnell, J., and Shah, A. (2002) California Pharmaceutical Industry Hazardous Waste Source Reduction 2002 Assessment Report. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, 96-110. 

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