Pesticides manufacture

M. Sittig, ed.. Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials ControlEngclopedia, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1980. 

Isopropjiamine is the most widely used of the propylamines. Most of it is consumed ia herbicide manufacture, primarily ia productioa of 2-chloro-4-ethyl-6-isopropylamiao-yy -tria2iae. A smaller quantity is used for pesticide manufacture (40,44). Diisopropylamine is used chiefly ia pesticides (qv) and as a corrosion inhibitor, eg, diisopropylammonium nitrate (see Corrosion and corrosion control) (44,45). 

A pesticide manufacturing plant should prepare a hazard assessment and operability study and also prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land use and the potential consequences of an emergency. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. 

European Union. 1996. "Best Available Technology Notes on Various Pesticides Manufacturing Processes." Brussels. 

Pollution Prevention and Abatement Pesticides Manufacturing." Draft Technical Background Document. Environment Department, Washington, D.C. 

Pesticides Manufacturers Formuiators Association of india (PMFAi)... 

Pesticides Manufacturers Fomiulators Association of hidia (PMFAI), 261... 

Marine sediments, adjacent to a pesticide manufacturing plant in Denmark, contained methyl parathion levels of 40.6 and 44.1 pg/kg dry weight at depths of 0-3 and 4-8 cm, respectively (Kjolholt 1985). 

EPA. 1978d. Source assessment Pesticide manufacturing air emissions—overview and prioritization. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/2-78-004d, 135. 

Kjolholt J. 1985. Occurrence of organophosphoms compounds in polluted marine sediments near a pesticide manufacturing plant. Chemosphere 14 1763-1770. 

Spills of endosulfan, according to FAOAVHO (1975a), should be cleaned up by first washing with 5% sodium hydroxide solution and then rinsing with large quantities of water. In addition, empty containers that held endosulfan residues should be rinsed two or three times with water while the sides are scrubbed, and once with 5% sodium hydroxide solution. Thus decontaminated, the empty containers can be recycled and used by pesticide manufacturers to package a chemical similar to endosulfan if the containers remain in good condition and if such reuse is not prohibited by federal, state, or local laws. 

EPA. 1972. The pollution potential in pesticide manufacturing. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Products. Pesticide Study Series 5. EPA540/11-72-06. 

The study of the accidents in chemical facilities, during transportation, storage and others, the research of the chemical products, which are produced and stored, are important points in the preparation of the defence against chemical terrorism. An example of such an accident is the explosion at the Union Carbide pesticide manufacturing plant (Dec. 3, 1984), which scattered toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) over the city of Bhopal, India. During the first few days up to 4000 people died of painful, harrowing deaths [10],... 

In workers in pesticide manufacturing plants, anti-12-hydroxyendrin as the glucuronide and 12-ketoendrin were found in both urine and feces (3 of 7 workers) (Baldwin and Hutson 1980). 

Anti-12-hydroxyendrin and 12-ketoendrin were detected in the feces of pesticide manufacturing workers and its glucuronide conjugate and 12-ketoendrin have been detected in the urine (Baldwin and Hutson 1980). In another study, the levels of anti-12-hydroxyendrin increased accompanied by a sharp rise in D-glucaric acid levels in 29 workers after 7 days of exposure (Ottevanger and Van Sittert 1979 Vrij-Standhardt et al. 1979). 

Organochlorine pesticides have been detected in samples of fat tissues. However, endrin was not found in adipose tissue samples of the general population (Stanley 1986 Williams et al. 1988). In pesticide manufacturing workers, endrin was found in the adipose tissue only after very high exposures. Endrin has been detected in the milk of lactating women (0.02-6.24 mg/kg milk fat) (Alawi et al. 1992 Bordet et al. 1993). In conclusion, the quantitation of endrin exposure, via parent compound or metabolite, remains difficult at best. Further studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of endrin are needed. 

Ditraglia D, Brown DP, Namekata T, et al. 1981. Mortality study of workers employed at organochlorine pesticide manufacturing plants. Scand J Work Environ Health 7 140-146. 

SittigM, ed. 1980. Pesticide manufacturing and toxic materials control encyclopedia. Park Ridge, NJ Noyes Data Corporation, 366-373. 

Sittig, M. 1980. Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park Ridge, New Jersey Noyes Data corporation, 452. 

Hess, Glenn. (2000). Pesticide manufacturers are unhappy with EPA s crackdown on chlorpyrifos. Chemical Market Reporter. 257 1,13. 

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