Emerging waste sources

Industrial batteries are used for telephones, communications, electric transformations, various types of emergency power sources, etc. The Waste Disposal Law provides that the companies shall properly dispose of the waste they produce with their commercial activities, as their own responsibility (Clause 1, Article 3). Thus, the law requires the users themselves to properly dispose of the batteries as industrial waste. 

Recent research has begun to characterize the presence of ECs in a variety of waste sources (e.g., wastewater treatment plants, onsite septic systems, etc.) to better understand their potential pathways into the environment. Although data on transformation products for emerging contaminants is more limited when compared to other compounds, such as pesticides, a growing number of methods to detect such transformation products are being developed and select compounds have been found in a variety of waste sources, including wastewater treatment plants [7,67,74-78], septic systems [13,79], landfills [80], and animal manure [81,82]. For example, in a study of waste from wastewater treatment plants [75] and septic systems [13] (Tables 2-3), 1,7-dimethylxanthine (caffeine metabolite), 4-nonylphenol diethoxylate and... 

If the program continues and additional reductions are desired, more expensive and more complex projects begin to emerge (Phase II). These are often associated with equipment modifications, process modifications and process control and may include the addition or adaptation of auxiliary equipment for simple source treatment, possibly for recycle. This phase usually has little immediate ROI, and more inclusive approaches to assessing the economics of the operation (estimating costs for waste handling, long-term liability, risk) are needed to justify the continued pollution-prevention operation. 

Petrovic M, Radjenovic J, Postigo C, Kuster M, Fane M, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2008) Emerging contaminants in waste waters sources and occurrence. In Barcelo D, Petrovic M (eds) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 5. Water pollution, p 1-35... 

NI0SH = National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NSPS = New Source Performance Standards ODW = Office of Drinking Water OERR = Office of Emergency and Remedial Response 0PP = Office of Pesticide Programs OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration 0SW = Office of Solid Waste OWRS = Office of Water Regulations and Standards PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit PSNS =... 

Because phosphorus is transported and stored under a water blanket, phossy water is a raw waste material at phosphorus-consuming plants. Another source of phossy wastewater results when reactor contents (containing phosphorus) are dumped into a sewer line due to operator error, emergency conditions, or inadvertent leaks and spills. 

Source Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 2001 Facts and Figures, October 2003. ... 

Fig. 10. Zonation of the Larderello geothermal field derived from (a) gas analyses, and (b) stable isotope values of steam produced before and after re-injection. Distribution and characterization of geothermal subunits obtained by gas analyses have been established from a data set collected before 1989, that is, 6 years after the beginning of re-injection of waste waters. White zones represent areas that produce gas mixtures with almost the same composition as that of the original gases emerging at the surface before the exploitation of the field (Scandiffio et al. 1995). Dashed zones produce steam affected by addition of cold water (i.e., re-injected) to the geothermal system. The zonation from the isotopes was derived from an extensive survey performed in 1992. In Fig. 10b, different sources of cold water are discriminated. Abbreviations LRD = Larderello, CN = Castelnuovo, MR = Monterotondo, SS = Sasso Pisano, LGR = Lagoni Rossi, SR = Serrazzano geothermal subunits.

Most studies were focused on the classical POPs such as organochlo-rinated pollutants and little for emerging POPs such as PBDEs and PFAs. Preliminary emission inventory were estimated by use of the top-down approach for by-product POPs. Recently, an emission inventory, based on measurements, was established for dioxins. Over 80% of the total emission for all by-products was determined to be from two major sources, viz. waste incineration and metal production processes, among... 

An initial plan for sampling at the site was developed. This plan would have required two mobilizations to collect soil samples at 20 locations to confirm the presence or absence of contamination where previous reports had implied potential source areas (US EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2004). All samples would be sent off-site for analysis. The total costs for this assessment were estimated at 203,000. 

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