Equipment changes

Once the cost of each piece of major equipment is known, it must be adjusted by construction cost indexes. Due to inflation and changing competitive situations, the price of equipment changes from year to year (Reference 26). Fortunately, there are several indexes that help in estimating today s costs based on historical data. Some of these indexes are Nelson Refinery Construction Cost... 

Pressure Zero shift, air leaks in signal lines. Variable energy consumption under temperature control. Unpredictable transmitter output. Permanent zero shift. Excessive vibration from positive displacement equipment. Change in atmospheric pressure. Wet instrument air. Overpressure. Use independent transmitter mtg., flexible process connection lines. Use liquid filled gauge. Use absolute pressure transmitter. Mount local dryer. Use regulator with sump, slope air line away from transmitter. Install pressure snubber for spikes. 

Implementation Phase the step in a pollution prevention assessment where procedures, training, and equipment changes are put into action to reduce waste. IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments, a collaborative monitoring program to establish present visibility levels and trends, and to identify sources of man-made impairment. 

Information provided in Part III. Section 8. of Form R is optional. In this section, you may identify waste minimization efforts relating to the reported toxic chemical. Waste minimization reduces the amount of the toxic chemicai in wastes by reducing waste generation or by recycling. This can be accomplished by equipment changes, process modifications, product reformulation, chemical substitutions, or other techniques. Waste minimization refers exclusively to practices which prevent the generation of wastes. Treatment or disposal does not minimize waste and should not be reported In this section. Recycling or reuse of a toxic chemical is considered waste minimization. Waste minimization applies to air emissions and wastewater, as well as to liquid or solid mate-... 

If you cannot develop a new procedure, try to determine if any physical changes could help to eliminate or reduce the danger. These changes may include redesigning equipment, changing tools, or adding machine guards, PPE, or ventilation. 

In each case where there is no unequivocal answer to a question in the flowcharts either further investigations or modifications to the process or equipment are required. The next step in the overall evaluation of the process is the determination of the consequences of possible deviations (also known as failures or upsets). If the evaluation of upsets results in process or equipment changes then the normal operation evaluation needs to be revalidated. 

Source control means different things to different people. Here it means knowing the sources and the amounts of water and contaminants and continuously monitoring them, then reducing the amounts by in-plant operating and equipment changes. 

Source control and waste minimization can be extremely effective in reducing the costs for in-plant controls and end-of-pipe treatment, and in some cases can eliminate the need for some treatment units entirely. The first step is to prepare an inventory of the waste sources and continuously monitor those sources for flow rates and contaminants. The next step is to develop in-plant operating and equipment changes to reduce the amount of wastes. The following are some of the techniques available for the pesticides manufacturing facilities. 

Alcohols are more costly in end-use than hydrocarbon products (for example, s)mthetic gasoline versus methanol) because distribution and equipment changes are usually required for alcohols. 

Processes a) Formula change (addition, deietion, excess) b) Equipment change c) Procedure/direction change Process Qualification QA + Concerned dept, managers... 

In the aforementioned chapter in the First Edition Reference 1,1 mentioned, There is no such thing as a standard approach to solve compactor scale-up or compactor equipment changes in the pharmaceutical production process (1). At that time of the publication, it appeared that was very much the case history of roller compaction scale-up in the pharmaceutical industry. This understanding was based on the fact that there were no pharmaceutical industrial journal articles published at the time on the subject. On the other hand, it was also true that considerations, approaches, and examples presented in that chapter were experienced by others and were not all-inclusive. 

The parameters selected should be appropriate for the process, in those cases where the manufacturing process has been controlled and validated as specified in the foregoing discussion, batch scale-up, changes in site of manufacture, allowance for equipment change (where the operating principle is the same), minor formulation changes, etc., should be determined on the basis of the comparability of both the blend/granulation and the final product as assured by (1) appropriate tests, (2) specifications, (3) process validation, and (4) comparative accelerated stability . 

Level 2 equipment changes—This type of change involves a change in equipment to a different design and different operating principles. 

For equipment changes, this guidance [12] provides the following recommendations ... 

Equipment Change (Encapsulation Machine, Zanasi LZ64 to... 

This change (Zanasi to H K) represents a change in subclass. A conservative approach would be to classify this as a Level 2 equipment change. If so classified, SUPAC-IR guidance recommends the following additional tests ... 

I -Equipment changes -Alternate -Updated batch record -Annual report... 

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