Hazardous waste specific sources

Hazardous chemical waste is defined in RCRA regulations as a solid waste that exhibits the characteristic of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity, or is a specifically listed waste. The definition of hazardous waste specifically excludes radioactive material (source, special nuclear, or byproduct material) defined in AEA. 

Hazardous wastes are organized by the USEPA into three categories nonspecific source wastes, specific source wastes, and commercial chemical products. All listed wastes are presumed to be hazardous, regardless of their concentrations. USEPA developed these lists by examining different types of wastes and chemical products to determine whether they met any of the following criteria ... 

EPA. 1981c. Hazardous wastes from non-specific sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.31. 

The K list. The K list designates as hazardous particular wastestreams from certain specific industries. K-list wastes are known as wastes from specific sources. 

The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that have been used for their intended purpose. To determine whether a waste qualifies as K-listed, two primary questions must be answered. First, is the facility that created the waste within one of the industrial or manufacturing categories on the K list Second, does the waste match one of the specific K list waste descriptions There are 13 industries that can generate K-list wastes1 2 3 ... 

Hazardous waste from specific sources hazardous waste codes K046, K052, K065, K069, and K100... 

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), cyanide is listed as a hazardous waste when it is a discarded commercial chemical product, off-specification species, container residue, or spill residue (EPA 1980c) a waste from non-specific sources (EPA 1981c) or a waste from specific sources (EPA 1981c). 

In addition to the four characteristics of hazardous wastes, the ERA has established three hazardous waste lists hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources (e.g., spent nonhalogenated solvents), hazardous wastes from specific sources (e.g., bottom sediment sludge from the treatment of wastewaters from wood preserving), and discarded commercial chemical products and off-specification species, containers, and spill residues. 

There are four lists of hazardous wastes in the regulations wastes from nonspecific sources (F list), wastes from specific sources (K list), acutely toxic wastes (P list), and toxic wastes (U list) there are also the four characteristics mentioned before ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure toxicity. Certain waste materials are excluded from regulation under the RCRA. The various definitions and situations that allow waste to be exempted can be confusing and difficult to interpret. One such case is the interpretation of the mixture and derived-from rules. According to the mixture rule, mixtures of solid waste and listed hazardous wastes are, by definition, considered hazardous. Similarly, the derived-from rule defines solid waste resulting from the management of hazardous waste to be hazardous (40 CFR 261.3a and 40 CFR 261.1c). 

There are five specific listed hazardous wastes (K list) generated in refineries, K048 to K052. Additional listed wastes, those from nonspecific sources (F list) and those from the commercial chemical product lists (P and U), may also be generated at refineries. Because of the mixture and derived-from rules, special care must be taken to ensure that hazardous wastes do not contaminate nonhazardous waste. Under the mixture rule, adding one drop of hazardous waste in a container of nonhazardous materials makes the entire container contents a hazardous waste. 

The RCRA metal-containing aqueous wastes include characteristic wastes (D wastes) and the listed wastes (K and F wastes). The characteristic wastes are those containing any of the eight RCRA metals above the concentrations (EP Toxicity levels) identified in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 261.24). The F and K wastes are source-specific wastes and do not require any minimum metal concentration to be a RCRA hazardous waste. Table 1 identifies the RCRA waste codes chat have aqueous wastes with metals, and associated effective daces for land disposal restrictions. 

Exposure Levels in Humans. Silver has been detected in the blood, tissues, urine, and feces of humans. The only biological monitoring studies located consisted of small numbers of worker populations in chemical manufacturing industries. Studies that better characterize important sources of general population exposure and define populations with potentially high exposure, such as those located near hazardous waste sites, would be helpful. More specific information concerning the chemical from of silver present at hazardous waste sites would also be useful. These data would assist in developing a more accurate estimate of the potential for silver exposure from hazardous waste sites contaminated with the metal. 

Waste is classified as hazardous by listing if it contains any amount of specified materials from nonspecific sources (the so-called F list), specified materials from specific sources (the K list), or specified chemicals from any source (the P and U lists). 

The system for classification and disposal of hazardous chemical waste developed by EPA under RCRA does not apply to all wastes that contain hazardous chemicals. For example, wastes that contain dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or asbestos are regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). In addition, the current definition of hazardous waste in 40 CFR Part 261 specifically excludes many wastes that contain hazardous chemicals from regulation under RCRA, including certain wastes produced by extraction, beneficiation, and processing of various ores and minerals or exploration, development, and use of energy resources. Thus, the waste classification system is not comprehensive, because many potentially important wastes that contain hazardous chemicals are excluded, and it is not based primarily on considerations of risks posed by wastes, because the exclusions are based on the source of the waste rather than the potential risk. 

There also are two important differences. First, the classification system for radioactive waste from the nuclear fuel cycle includes different classes that are defined based essentially on the source of the waste. In addition, some classes of fuel-cycle waste (e.g., high-level waste) often, but not always, contain higher concentrations of radionuclides than other classes (e.g., low-level waste) and, thus, pose a greater hazard in waste management and disposal. The classification system for hazardous chemical waste does not distinguish between hazardous wastes based on their source, with the exception of the K list of wastes from specific sources. Additionally, hazardous chemical wastes are not further classified based on their relative hazard (i.e., there is only one class of hazardous chemical waste). 

The definition of solid waste in RCRA specifically excludes source, special nuclear, and byproduct materials as defined in AEA. Therefore, radioactive constituents of wastes that arise from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle are excluded from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA. 

In addition to chemical waste that may be classified as hazardous based on one or more of the characteristics described above, a chemical waste may be classified as hazardous if it is specifically listed (EPA, 1980b). Chemical wastes are listed based on their source or the presence of specific hazardous substances. Listed hazardous wastes include wastes from nonspecific sources (the so-called F list), wastes from specific sources ( K list), acutely toxic hazardous waste from any source ( P list), and toxic (other than acute) waste from any source ( U list). 

Application of NCRP Recommendations to Waste Classification. NCRP s recommendations on dose limits and a negligible dose for individual members of the public, and their associated cancer risks, could be used in developing a risk-based waste classification system. Specifically, the dose limits applicable to all man-made sources of exposure combined could be used in establishing concentration limits of radionuclides or hazardous chemicals in dedicated hazardous waste disposal facilities based on assumed scenarios for exposure of the public. Similarly, the negligible individual dose could be used in establishing concentration limits of radionuclides in disposal facilities for nonhazardous waste. These applications are discussed in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 where NCRP s recommendations on risk-based waste classification are presented. 

EPA OSW Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste from non-specific sources-hazardous waste codes for aluminum F006 and F019 40 CFR 261.31 EPA 1981 a... 

Listed wastes are hazardous waste streams from specific and non-specific sources, listed under codes F, K, P, and U in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 261.4... 

Generic wastes produced by manufacturing and industrial processes are included in the list of hazardous wastes from non-specific sources. Spent halogenated solvents, bottom sludge from electroplating operations, wastes from various chemicals manufacturing, and the like are examples of hazardous wastes from non-specific sources. These are designated by prefix F [2-4],... 

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