Waste source identification

EPA. 1981b. Hazardous wastes from non-specific sources. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.31. 

EPA. 1981c. Hazardous wastes from specific sources. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. 

Don t Panic Responding to a Hazardous Materials Incident HAZWOPER training for first responders. Evaluation, source identification, labels, placards, MSDSs, containment, securing the area, flammable materials, treating spilled liquids, and minimization hazardous waste. 

Source indicators-As source indicators, molecular markers are applied either qualitatively (source identification) or quantitatively (source apportionment). The requirements for quantitative source apportionment are considerably more stringent and the number of examples in the literature is fewer than for source identification (e.g. Schauer et al., 1996 Eganhouse and Sherblom, 2001 Takada et al., 1997). Specific biogenic markers have been used for chemotaxonomic purposes (Kates, 1997) and to characterize the composition of benthic and pelagic communities present in aquatic ecosystems (Findlay and Watling, 1997). Many fossil biomarkers have served as indicators of organic matter provenance (Peters and Moldowan, 1993) or for paleoclimate reconstruction (Brassel et al., 1986). Biomarkers are also used frequently to identify sources of fossil fuel contamination in the contemporary environment (Kaplan et al., 1997 Volkman et al., 1997). Finally, there are numerous studies in which molecular markers associated with municipal wastes, urban mnoff, or combustion of fossil fuels have been used to infer the effect of various point and non-point sources of contamination (see references in Takada and Eganhouse, 1998). 

The proposed approach is applied to the air-based direct oxidation process for the production of ethylene oxide. The following discussion focuses mainly on the identification of the waste sources, evaluation of the flowsheet alternatives based on the analysis of conflicts among the objectives, and systematic generation of superstructure aimed at the wastes minimization. A schematic flow diagram of the ethylene oxide process is shown in Figure 2. 

A cmcial part of the process for reducing and minimizing wastes is the development of a material balance, which is an integral part of the practice of industrial ecology. Such a balance addresses various aspects of waste streams, including sources, identification, and quantities of wastes and methods and costs of handling. 

Assessment Phase The assessment phase aims to collect data needed to identify and analyze pollution-prevention opportunities. Assessment of the facility s waste-reduction needs includes the examination of hazardous waste streams, process operations, and the identification of techniques that often promise the reduction of waste generation. Information is often derived from obsei vations made during a facihty walk-through, interviews with employees (e.g., operators, line workers), and review of site or regulatory records. One professional organization suggests the following information sources be reviewed, as available (Ref. 7) ... 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous wastes are generated in hmited amounts throughout most industrial activities. In terms of generation, concern is with the identification of amounts and types ofhazardous wastes developed at each source, with emphasis on those sources where significant waste quantities are generated. 

The sources of solid wastes per se are summarized in Tables 16.1 and 16.4.) However, dealing with any of them will involve some combination of the activities shown in Figure 16.2, i.e. collection, segregation and identification, processing, recycling, transport and final disposal. 

Often, the walkthrough and analysis of the process flow sheets lead to an early identification of P2 and waste-reduction opportunities. By studying the process flow sheets and information gathered from the walkthrough, and by conducting brainstorming sessions with team members, the team will be able to identify sources... 

Source U.S. EPA, Introduction to Hazardous Waste Identification (40 CFR, Part 261), Report U.S. EPA 530-K-05-012, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, September 2005. a If o-, m-, and p-cresols cannot be individually measured, the regulatory level for total cresols is used. 

Small-scale, tabletop nuclear fusion devices, known as compact accelerator neutron generators, are routinely used as a source of neutron radiation. By design, however, these devices consume more energy than they release. The beam of neutrons generated by these devices can be used to identify the elemental composition of amaterial.The coal industry uses such beams to measure the sulfur content of coal in real time as the coal moves over conveyor belts. The cement industry similarly uses these beams to judge the quality of cement mixes. These fusiongenerated neutrons are also used to identify the elemental composition of nuclear wastes and for the detection and identification of explosives. 

For phenolics in fruit by-products such as apple seed, peel, cortex, and pomace, an HPLC method was also utilized. Apple waste is considered a potential source of specialty chemicals (58,62), and its quantitative polyphenol profile may be useful in apple cultivars for classification and identification. Chlorogenic acid and coumaroylquinic acids and phloridzin are known to be major phenolics in apple juice (53). However, in contrast to apple polyphenolics, HPLC with a 70% aqueous acetone extract of apple seeds showed that phloridzin alone accounts for ca. 75% of the total apple seed polyphenolics (62). Besides phloridzin, 13 other phenolics were identified by gradient HPLC/PDA on LiChrospher 100 RP-18 from apple seed (62). The HPLC technique was also able to provide polyphenol profiles in the peel and cortex of the apple to be used to characterize apple cultivars by multivariate statistical techniques (63). Phenolic compounds in the epidermis zone, parenchyma zone, core zone, and seeds of French cider apple varieties are also determined by HPLC (56). Three successive solvent extractions (hexane, methanol, aqueous acetone), binary HPLC gradient using (a) aqueous acetic acid, 2.5%, v/v, and (b) acetonitrile fol-... 

Elimination of source-based waste classifications would also have some impact on classification and management of hazardous chemical wastes. For example, the identification of some listed hazardous wastes under RCRA based on the source of the waste (the F and K lists) and the distinction between hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA and those regulated under TSCA would be eliminated. 

EPA OSW Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste from non-specific sources-hazardous waste codes for aluminum F006 and F019 40 CFR 261.31 EPA 1981 a... 

The RCRA regulates a multitude of waste streams from a large number of industries and sources. Each waste stream is assigned a code identification number. There are three general classes of RCRA waste that are subject to LDR ... 

Some general applications of TG-FTIR are evolved gas analysis, identification of polymeric materials, additive analysis, determination of residual solvents, degradation of polymers, sulphur components from oil shale and rubber, contaminants in catalysts, hydrocarbons in source rock, nitrogen species from waste oil, aldehydes in wood and lignins, nicotine in tobacco and related products, moisture in pharmaceuticals, characterisation of minerals and coal, determination of kinetic parameters and solid fuel analysis. 

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