Refining process waste sources

Bagasse is a waste biomass from the sugarcane refining process. Bagasse residues represent the largest quantity industrial biomass waste available worldwide and therefore the most significant potential source of power produced from biomass. Figure 1 shows a comparison of the potential number of power plants by 2025 at 7 and 40 MW of electricity production for various biomass residues. ... 

Ultimately, human being may shift to non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources such as nuclear, solar, wind, and others in the near term, however, our reliance on oil imports can be alleviated by modifying the refining process with cheap H2 produced from coal, biomass, waste, or petroleum coke via the well-known gasification and shift processes. These provide a cheaper near-term solution to cut U.S. oil imports while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions.41... 

Complex processes are required to deal with the wide range of contaminants and additives present in waste lubricants from multiple sources. The objective is to recycle waste lubricants to produce base oils that can then be used as substitutes or alternatives to virgin mineral base oils. The main re-refining processes are summarised in the sub-sections below most are continuous rather than batch processes and rely on receiving a reasonably homogenous used lubricant feedstock if the products are to be consistent. 

A considerable quantity of oil can be extracted from waste material from shelling and processing plants, eg, the inedible kernels rejected during shelling and fragments of kernels recovered from shells. About 300 t of pecan oil and 300—600 t of English walnut oil are produced aimuaHy from such sources. The oil is refined and used for edible purposes or for the production of soap the cake is used in animal feeds (see Feeds and feed additives). Fmit-pit oils, which closely resemble and are often substituted for almond oil, are produced on a large scale for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes (143). For instance, leaves, bark, and pericarp of walnut may be used to manufacture vitamin C, medicines, dyes and tannin materials (144). 

Main Fuel Source Corn, grains or agricultural waste Natural Gas, Methanol and other energy sources. Underground reserves A by-product of petroleum refining or natural gas processing Natural gas, coal or woody biomass... 

PCNs have also been found in incinerator and metal refining emissions, as contaminants in PCB formulations [68,69] and have also been detected in air [65,66,70]. Other sources of PCNs to the atmosphere include chlor-aUcali processes and thermal processes [71], particularly emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWl) [72]. In developing countries, sources of PCNs are likely to be incinerators. Jaward et al. [70] measured significant levels of PCNs in air off the coast of West Africa and South Africa, indicating that this class of compounds cannot be neglected in developing countries. It also indicates that... 

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