Wood biomass

Table 30. Net Energy Analysis of Short-Rotation Wood Biomass Production ...

The testing does not yet allow for setting specific input criteria. However, the testing made clear that the process probably can handle a broad spectrum of materials, such as wood, biomass, mixed plastic and pure PVC waste. For instance tests have been done on PVC waste but also with a mixture of PVC, PE, other polymers, Cu, Al, chalk, cement and fibres. 

Figure 8.1 Overview of products available from wood biomass.

Pyrolysis of pine wood biomass was conducted at 400°C followed by catalytic deoxygenation at 450°C. The yield of the different product phases was gravimetrically determined. The gas yield was calculated by the difference. The water content of the bio oil was measured by Karl Fischer titration. The yield of the different product phases is given in Table 3, calculated from the pyrolyzed biomass. The non-catalytic experiment was carried out in the same way as the catalytic ones with the exception that the upper catalyst bed was empty. 

Pyrolysis and catalytic de-oxygenation of pine wood biomass was successfully carried out in a dual-fluidized bed reactor. Hybrid catalysts consisting of zeolites Beta and ZSM-5 and bentonite were used. Pure zeolites Beta and ZSM-5 and also pure bentonite were tested as bed materials in the fluidized bed reactor. 

In forest ecosystems these symbols stand for CL(M) is critical load of a heavy metal (g ha-1 a-1) Mu is metal net uptake in wood biomass under critical loads conditions (g ha-1 a 1) Mle(crit) is critical leaching flux of metal with drainage water (from the uppermost 10 cm soil layer) (g ha-1 a-1). 

Soil-related data (HM and BC content in soil parent materials) were included in calculations to account the values of HM weathering. Also we considered the influence of soil types on forest biomass productivity. Runoff data (at scale 0.5 x 0.50 were directly used to get input data on drainage water fluxes, Qie. Forest-type-related data (wood biomass growth and HM content in wood biomass) inserted into our database were subdivided depending on either coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests. 

Table 2. Parameters of wood biomass growth for main tree types in the forests of European Russia results of simulating based on EFIMOD (Chertov, Komarov, 1997).

Distribution of Cd content I mg/kg dw) in wood biomass of Coniferous trees... 

The process of tree growth utilizes atmospheric carbon in the production of wood biomass. Furthermore, this sequestered carbon can continue to be held in products that are manufactured from wood. Although much research has been done in investigating forests as actual or potential carbon sinks, there has been rather less work looking at the implications of the use of wood products as a medium-term carbon store. 

Wood biomass involves trees with cotranercial stracture and forest residues not being used in the traditional forest products industries. Available forest residues may appear to be an attractive fuel source. Collection and handling and transport costs are critical factors in the use of forest residues. Although the heat produced from wood wastes is less than that from oil or gas, its cost compared to fossil fuels makes it an attractive somce of readily available heat or heat and power. The most... 

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to hquid fuels and chemicals since the oil cri-... 

Mohan, D., Pittman, C.U., Steele, PH. 2006. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil a critical review. Energy Euels 20 848-889. 

Municipal solid waste differs from wood biomass in that it has a negative cost. In urban centres of Canada, waste is land-filled at a cost of about 6 to 8 per tonne. While valuable inorganics such as glass and aluminum can be recovered, the costs of separation are high, and technologies are still developing. 

It is possible that a toxicity threshold is not achieved at lower severities, reducing the inhibition from these conditions. The corn stover samples were consistently less inhibitory than the aspen wood samples. This is likely owing to the fact that fewer acids are inherent in the corn stover biomass than in the aspen wood biomass. For example, it was found that the pH of the corn stover hydrolysates was higher than the pH of aspen hydrolysates. Further testing is warranted to investigate the difference in the inhibition of the substrates and also to determine whether scatter is to blame for the appearance of a difference between pretreatments with and without carbonic acid when assessing the percent inhibition from Fig. 3. Pretreatment severity showed a marked effect on the degree of inhibition suffered by yeast cultures, but the presence or absence of carbonic acid appears to have had no influence on inhibition. Between the aspen wood and corn stover samples, there appeared to be a difference in inhibition rates. 

Synthesis gas may be prepared from any feedstock containing any ratio of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen and not extreme levels of sulphur and nitrogen. Such a definition covers feedstocks ranging from wood, biomass, coal and heavy fuel oils, to naphtha and natural gas. 

Table J. Indicative composition of the product gas from an air-biown CFB gasifier with a wood biomass fuel [4].

Kakaras E., P, Vourliotis, P. Grammelis, G. Sakellaropoulos, P. Samaras, G. Skodras (1999), Co-combustion of biomass/waste wood /lignite blends in an industrial steam boiler, THERMIE type A Workshop on Co-combustion of Waste Wood, Biomass and Lignite in Industrial Boilers - Possibilities-Perspcctives , Thessaloniki, GREECE, November 1999, pp. 89-97. 

We consider material-recycling ratios of timber scrap (including board scrap), sawmill residues, and paper scrap, which are specified in the wood biomass flow (Figure 2). 

The utilization of agricultural and wood biomass waste for power generation requires knowledge of the physical properties of the wastes. 

Co-pyrolysis of wood biomass and plastic wastes of different origin under the pressure of argon and hydrogen... 

Some regularities describing the influence of co-pyrolysis process operating parameters, nature of wood biomass and plastics on the yield and composition of liquid products were established and discussed. Obtained data indicate that the optimum ten erature of biomass/plastic mixtures conversion which corresponds to the maximum yield of liquids is 390-400 C. 

Utilization of wood-biomass residues as well as waste polymers is the important direction of recent research activities. It is known that direct catalytic liquefaction of plant biomass can be used to produce liquid fuels and chemicals [1,2]. Co-pyrolysis and co-hydropyrolysis processes have the potential for the environmentally friendly transformation of lignocellulosic and plastic waste to valuable chemicals. 

The feedstock materials used in this work included medium density polyethylene (PE), atactic-polypropylene (aPP), isotactic-polypropylenc (iPP), beech wood, pine wood, cellulose and hydrolytic lignin. The size of the wood biomass and the plastic particles was less 0,1 mm. 

Some characteristics of the wood biomass used are given in Table 1. 

Wood biomass Elemental coirgxrsition (% weight) Chemical composition (% weight) ... 

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