Industrial landfill

Irvine, R.L., S.A. Sojka and J.F. Colaruotolo. Enhanced Biological Treatment of Leachates from Industrial Landfills. Hazardous Waste, Vol 1, No. l,1984.pp. 123-135. 

Thermal inversions make winter the most unfavorable season for clean air. Vast differences in air quality are found in the industrialized north, and the residential southwest regions. Particulate matter influences mainly the north, where industries, landfills, and the dried bed of Texcoco Lake are located. Sulfur oxides impinge primarily on the northeast and southwest. High carbon monoxide concentrations are found in heavy traffic areas such as the northwest. Ozone affects predominantly the southwest at any season. We have selected air quality records from data generated by stations registering the higher pollutant levels, as follows ... 

Kosson DS, Dienemaim EA, Ahlert RC. 1985. Characterization and treatability studies of an industrial landfill leachate (Kin-Buc 1). Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference 39 329-341. 

The first case is an integrated approach based on chemical analyses, risk assessment, and in vitro assays for the investigation of the toxicity of a leachate produced by a modem industrial landfill in Italy. 

A recent study published by Badema et al. in 2011 describes a combined method to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill s leachate which is based on a triad approach including chemical analyses, risk assessment, and in vitro assays [17]. Moreover, to verify the applicability and the robustness of the proposed method, the approach was applied on a real case study a controlled, ISO-14001 certified landfill for nonhazardous industrial waste and residual waste from the treatment of MSW in northern Italy for which data on the presence of leachate contaminants are available from the last 11 years. 

Badema D, Maggioni S, Boriani E, Gemma S, Molteni M, Lombardo A, Colombo A, Bordonali S, Rotella G, Lodi M, Benfenati E (2011) A combined approach to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill s leachate chemical analyses, risk assessment and in vitro assays. Environ Res 111 603-613... 

Hexanone is released to water by industrial facilities and at hazardous waste sites. 2-Hexanone was detected in 2 of 3 effluents from coal gasification plants and in 1 of 2 effluents from oil shale processing plants at mean concentrations ranging from 7 to 202 ppb ( jg/L) (Pellizzarri et al. 1979). The compound has also been tentatively identified in 1 of 63 industrial effluents (Perry et al. 1979), the effluent from a chemical plant (Shackelford and Keith 1976), and in one municipal landfill leachate at 0.148 ppm (mg/L) in a study of leachates from 58 municipal and industrial landfills (Brown and Donnelly 1988). 

Relatively small amounts of carbon tetrachloride are released to water. The total in 1978 was estimated to be 2.5 metric tons, due almost entirely to discharges from carbon tetrachloride production facilities (Rams et al. 1979). Analysis of data from ERA S Storage and Retrieval (STORET) database for the early 1980s indicate that carbon tetrachloride was detectable in 5.5% of 1,343 industrial effluent samples (Staples et al. 1985). The median concentration of all samples was <5 og/L. Carbon tetrachloride was also detected in leachates from industrial landfills at concentrations ranging from <10 to 92 pg/L (Brown and Donnelly 1988). 

Reclaim is commercially available and suitable for the recovery of VOCs, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) compounds, and, in particular, petroleum hydrocarbons. The vendor states this technology has been used in a wide variety of industrial applications, such as the remediation of groundwater at service stations, dry cleaners, herbicide production facilities, and municipal and industrial landfills, among others. 

Industrial Landfill (Memphis, TN)—cost 46/yd (total project cost of 161,000) to remediate 3500 yd of soil (ex situ). 

According to the vendor, the technology treated 10,000 tons of soil contaminated with PCBs from an industrial landfill at the Naval Air Station North Island in Coronado, Cahfomia. The total cost for this project was 1,100,000. The vendor states that the unit costs were 145 per ton (D226580, p. 8). 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has been reported in the leachate from municipal and industrial landfills at levels ranging from < 0.01 to 150 pg/mL (Ghassemi etal., 1984). It has also been detected in 13% of 86 samples of urban storm water runoff evaluated for the National Urban Runoff Program at concentrations ranging from 7 to 39 pg/L (Cole et al., 1984). 

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND LEACHATE FROM INDUSTRIAL LANDFILLS... 

ORGANIC ACIDS IN LEACHATE FROM INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL... 

Leachate samples from industrial landfills were analysed by LC-NMR and LC-thermospray (TSP)-MS with emphasis on organic acids [12], After removal of the neutral and basic components by pre-extraction with methylene chloride,... 

Table 6.3 H NMR chemical shift values" of reference compounds A-C, and compounds 1-11 identified in a leachate from an industrial landfill site. Reprinted from Benfenati, E., Pierucci, P., Fanelli, R., Preiss, A., Godejohann, M., Astratov, M., Levson, K. and Barcelo, D.,c. /. Chromatogr., A, 831, 243-256, copyright (1999) with permission of Elsevier Science.

Exempt waste any waste containing hazardous substances that is generally acceptable for disposition as nonhazardous material (e.g., disposal in a municipal/industrial landfill for nonhazardous waste). 

Waste would be classified as exempt if the concentrations of hazardous substances are sufficiently low that it poses no more than a negligible risk to a hypothetical inadvertent intruder at a municipal/industrial landfill for nonhazardous waste. A negligible risk, or the associated dose, is a value so low that further efforts at risk reduction generally are unwarranted (e.g., an excess lifetime cancer risk less than about 10 4 or doses of noncarcinogenic hazardous substances substantially less than nominal thresholds for induction of health effects in the general population). 

NCRP recommends that risks to hypothetical individuals at waste disposal sites should be evaluated in classifying waste, as described in the following section, and that the risk to an individual that arises from disposal of any hazardous substance be expressed in the form of a dimensionless risk index (RI). The risk index for the ith hazardous substance (Rid is defined in terms of the risk that arises from disposal of that substance relative to a specified allowable risk for an assumed type of disposal system (e.g., municipal/industrial landfill for disposal of exempt waste) as ... 

Exempt Waste. Waste classified as exempt would be regulated as if it were nonhazardous, and would be generally acceptable for disposition as nonhazardous material (e.g., disposal in a municipal/ industrial landfill). As noted in Section 1.4.1, disposal is the only disposition of exempt materials considered in this Report. Limits on concentrations of hazardous substances in exempt waste would be derived based on an assumption that the risk or dose to a hypothetical inadvertent intruder at a disposal site should not exceed negligible levels. The use of a negligible risk or dose to determine exempt waste is based on an assumption that a disposal facility for nonhazardous waste could be released for unrestricted use by the public soon after the facility is closed. 

Disposal of nonhazardous waste in municipal/industrial landfills is currently permitted under Subtitle D of RCRA however, classification of waste as exempt is not intended to preclude any beneficial uses or other means of disposal allowed by laws and regulations addressing disposition of nonhazardous materials. 

Low-level waste is waste with only low concentrations of intermediate-level, short-lived waste or intermediate-level, long-lived waste as defined by IAEA (1981). Low-level waste would be suitable for disposal in a municipal/industrial landfill that met current EPA standards and would include relatively low-activity Class-A waste, as defined in NRC s 10 CFR Part 61 (NRC, 1982a). 

Another desirable attribute of a waste classification system that is a corollary of the system being risk-based is that it treat wastes that pose similar health risks consistently. A chemically hazardous waste estimated to pose a certain risk should be in the same waste class as a radioactive waste that poses an equivalent risk, and similarly for mixed waste. Consistency also implies that wastes posing similar risks could be disposed of using essentially the same technology (municipal/industrial landfill, licensed near-surface facility for hazardous waste, or geologic repository). 

NCRP believes that different classes of waste should be defined in relation to general types of disposal systems that presently exist or are likely to be developed in the future. In accordance with current waste disposal practices, the exempt class of waste (essentially non-hazardous) thus is defined as any waste containing sufficiently small amounts of hazardous substances that the waste would be generally acceptable for disposal in a municipal/industrial landfill (or equivalent) for nonhazardous materials. This type of disposal facility is regulated under Subtitle D of RCRA (1976). 

The use of an acceptable (barely tolerable) risk to classify nonexempt waste can be justified, in part, on the following grounds. Disposal facilities for exempt and low-hazard waste both are located near the ground surface, and many scenarios for inadvertent intrusion into municipal/industrial landfills for nonhazardous waste also would be credible occurrences at disposal sites for low-hazard waste. However, these types of scenarios should be less likely to occur at hazardous waste sites, compared with sites for disposal of nonhazardous waste, given the intention to maintain institutional control and records of past disposal activities for a considerable period of time after closure of hazardous waste sites and the possibility that societal memory of disposal activities will be retained long after institutional control is relinquished. Thus, the risk to future inadvertent intruders at dedicated hazardous waste disposal sites, taking into account the probability that exposures according to postulated scenarios would actually occur, should be comparable to the risk at disposal sites for nonhazardous waste. 

Exposure Scenarios for Classifying Exempt Waste. Based on the definition of exempt waste as any waste that would be generally acceptable for disposal in a municipal/industrial landfill for non-hazardous waste, scenarios for inadvertent intrusion appropriate to this type of facility should be used in determining whether a waste would be classified as exempt. 

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