Microbiological process

This chapter describes the important micro- and macrobiological processes in submerged soil and the overlying floodwater. Processes in plants and their rhizo-spheres are discussed in Chapter 6. The microbiological processes are discussed first and then the additional complexities caused by macrobiological processes and the particular ecology of the floodwater-soil system. 

The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils Guy Kirk 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd ISBN 0-470-86301-3 

Modem HPLC finds its abundant applications not only confined to isolation of natural pharmaceutically active compounds, control of microbiological processes but also assay of pure drugs and their dosage forms. A few typical examples will be discussed below  

Some plant alkaloids and glycosides can be isolated as stated below  

Alkaloids Glycoside Morphine Codeine Digitalis glycosides Sennosides Analgesic, Antitussive Cardiovascular diseases, Laxatives 

Mobile-phase Water/Acetonitrile-Gradient Elution Detector UV 254 nm 

Various microbiological processes are used in the production of a number of antibiotics, for instance penicillins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and streptomycins. The major areas of such operations being  

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Malic acid crystallizes in colourless needles m.p. lOO C. It o- curs in many acid fruits, such as grapes, apples and gooseberries. It can be prepared by microbiological processes using various moulds or from ( + )-bromosuccinic acid by the action of NaOH. 

Oxides of manganese and iron are often found deposited together. Similar conditions cause oxidation of both iron and manganese ions. Exposure to oxygenated water, chlorination, and some microbiological processes causes such oxidation. Often, a few percent chlorine is found in deposits, possibly because of associated chlorination. 

Neutral salts and aqueous solutions of various acids generally follow the acid action. Aluminum has no apparent action or microbiological processes (i.e., the production of antibiotics by deep-vessel fermentation). Fermentation tanks, as well as various absorbing and extracting units, can be made from aluminum. 

Satisfying these requirements invariably requires capital investment that can significantly affect overall economics of microbiological processes. 

M. V. Ivanov, Microbiological Processes in the Formation of Sulfur Deposits, Jerusalem, 1968. 

This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the application of principles, outlined in previous chapters, to the bioremediation of contaminated terrestrial sites and the associated groundwater. Cardinal microbiological processes will be addressed only briefly, and references should be made to previous chapters for metabolic details. There are several reasons for the heightened concern over the increasing volume of solid waste—both industrial and domestic. On the positive side, however,... 

Analysis of biological activity is sometimes difficult to correlate to corrosion rates. However, with detection and correlation of microbiological processes, especially those known to be related to corrosion (e.g., respiration rates, amount of acidity being produced) with process conditions, such information may also lead to improvements in the corrosion lifetime of the process equipment. 

Many studies have reported the effects of metals on general soil microbiological processes. Metals including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc have been reported to inhibit many of the microbial processes listed above. Metal toxicity in the environment ultimately decreases litter decomposition, which can be measured by the rate of mass loss. Both copper (0.5 mg Cu g4 soil) and zinc (1.0 mg Zn g 1 soil) were shown to decrease the rate of decomposition of unpolluted Scots pine needle litter near a brass mill in Sweden.61 Duarte et al.63 also determined that copper and zinc toxicity reduced leaf decomposition rates and fungal reproduction. Other metals, such as cadmium, nickel, and lead, have also been reported to decrease litter decomposition.77... 

The decomposition of solid urban waste in landfills is essentially a result of microbiological processes and, therefore, the production of biogas and leachate are both directly related to the activity of microorganisms. It has been demonstrated that large variations in leachate quality exist for different landfills, but also at different locations within the same landfill.6... 

Hou AX, Chen GX, Wang ZP, Van Cleemput O, Patrick Jr WH. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000 64 2180-2186. 

Hsu PH (1989) Aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. In Dixon JB, Weed SB (ed) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn, pp 331-378 Inskeep WP, McDermott TR, Fendorf S (2002) Arsenic (V)/(III) cycling in soils and natural waters chemical and microbiological processes. In Frankenberger WT Jr (ed) Environmental chemistry of arsenic. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 183-215... 

Bertrand A microbiological process for oxidizing aldoses to ketoses. Used in the manufacture of ascorbic acid. 

MEGOX A process for increasing the rates of microbiological processes by the use of pure oxygen instead of air. 

Provesteen A microbiological process for making single-cell protein from methanol, ethanol, or whey, developed in the 1980s by Provesta Corporation, a subsidiary of Phillips Petroleum Company. The basis of the process is a special high cell-density fermenter, which simplifies the isolation of the product from the water. The organism is the torula yeast the intended products are speciality flavor enhancers, a high fiber food bar, a food supplement... 

Investigation of physical, chemical and microbiological processes in the development of forest rings in Ontario... 

Because of the basic requirements of collection and transport, sewer networks are normally dealt with from a physical point of view, i.e., the hydraulics and sewer solids transport processes have been focal points. From this point of view, new design and operational principles have been developed, to a great extent supported by numerical procedures and the ever-increasing capacity of computers. Under wet-weather conditions, the hydraulics and solids transport phenomena in a sewer play a major role, and the chemical and microbiological processes are typically of minor importance. Not surprisingly, interests devoted to urban drainage have focused on the physical behavior of the sewer. 

As previously mentioned, the text will primarily focus on the microbiological processes in the sewer and, to some extent, also the chemical processes, especially the physicochemical processes. The corresponding environmental engineering relevance will be included as being the ultimate goal. Hydraulics and solid-transport phenomena, installation details, materials and the traditional... 

Design and operation of sewers affect sewer processes, and, what is considered important in this context, knowledge of sewer processes can be actively considered in the design and operation of a sewer network. The type of sewer determines, to a great extent, if aerobic or anaerobic processes proceed. Furthermore, ventilation of sewers may affect the buildup and dispersion of odorous and toxic substances produced by microbiological processes. 

TABLE 2.1 Redox Potentials Important for Selected Microbiological Processes (Madigan et a ., 2000). The Potentials are given under Standard Conditions, i.e., at pH = 7, 25°C, 1 atm and 1 Molar Concentration of Relevant Components... 

The oxidation levels for each of the elements H, O, N and S in organic matter remain unchanged by the microbiological processes that proceed in sewer systems. 

The residence time of the wastewater in a sewer may, under dry-weather conditions, be of the same order of magnitude as that found in treatment plants. In-sewer chemical and microbiological processes are, therefore, of specific interest under such conditions. This volume shows in detail that the microbiological transformations of wastewater in sewers relate directly to the treatment processes and, thereby, to the changes in effluent quality. 

Oberson A, Besson JM, Maire N, Sticher H (1996) Microbiological processes in soil organic phosphorus transformations in conventional and biological cropping systems. Biol Fertil Soils 21 138-148... 

Regarding microbiological processes for treatment wastewaters we can expect the following innovative developments12,13,14 ... 

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