Receptor viruses

Matrosovich M, Klenk H-D (2003) Natural and synthetic sialic acid-containing inhibitors of influenza virus receptor binding. Rev Med Virol 13 85-97 Matrosovich MN, Matrosovich TY, Gray T, Roberts NA, Klenk H-D (2004) Neuraminidase is important for the initiation of influenza virus infection in human airway epithelium. J Virol 78 12665-12667... 

Maddon PJ, Dalgleish AG, McDougal IS, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Axel R (1986) The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell 47 333-348... 

Virus receptor Coxsackievirus receptor trap Coxsackievirus Lim et al, 2006... 

Lores P, Boucher V, Mackay C, Pla M, Von Boehmer H, Jami J, Barre-Sinoussi E, Weill JC (1992) Expression of human CD4 in transgenic mice does not confer sensitivity to human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 8 2063-2071 Maddon PJ, Dalgleish AG, McDougal JS, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Axel R (1986) The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell 47 333-348... 

Norkin L.C. (1995) Virus receptors—implications for pathogenesis and the design of antiviral agents. Clin Microbiol Rev, 8,293-315. 

In general, virus receptors carry out normal functions in the cell. For example, in bacteria some phage receptors are pili or flagella, others are cell-envelope components, and others are transport binding proteins. The receptor for influenza vims is a glycoprotein found on red blood cells and on cells of the mucous membrane of susceptible animals, whereas the receptor site of poliovirus is a lipoprotein. However, many animal and plant viruses do not have specific attachment sites at all and the vims enters passively as a result of phagocytosis or some other endocytotic process. 

Gitman, A.G., Graessmann, A., and Loyter, A. (1985b) Targeting of loaded Sendai virus envelopes by covalently attached insulin molecules to virus receptor-depleted cells Fusion-mediated microinjection of ricin A and simian 40 DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7209-7313. 

VM Okun, R Moser, B Ronacher, E Kenndler, D Blaas. VLDL receptor fragments of different lengths bind to human rhino virus HRV2 with different stoichiometry—an analysis of virus-receptor complexes by capillary electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 276 1057-1062, 2001. 

Malhotra, R., M., Ward, H., Bright, R., Priest, M.R., Foster, M., Hurle, E. Blair, and M. Bird, 2003, Isolation and characterisation of potential respiratory syncytial virus receptor(s) on epithelial cells. Microbes Infect. 5 123-133. 

Figure 13 summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding interactions of siderophores, phages, and colicins with membrane systems in the enteric bacteria. Over the eons of evolutionary time, noxious agents have acquired the capacity to exploit these receptors as a means of penetrating the cell envlope. It would be important to ascertain if this analogy extends to plant and animal virus receptors. 

As discussed above, domains in modular proteins represent independent functions. Thus, deletion of specific modules or inclusion of functional modules of other proteins to form chimeras has been used to create novel proteins. This approach has already been touched upon in the preceding discussions of human-mouse chimeric antibodies, antibody variable regions, Fabs, and some antibody toxin conjugates, and is further elaborated here. Additional examples of t-PA domain mntants and chimeras involving the AIDS virus receptor, CD4 and other chimeras, are discussed. 

Chimeric molecules composed of regions of the HIV virus receptor and immunoglobulins, dubbed immunoadhesins , are under development as therapeutics for AIDS. HIV enters its preferred host cell, the helper T lymphocyte, by interaction between the viral surface glycoprotein, gpl20 and a transmembrane... 

Immune cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) T cell activation, cold virus receptor neutrophil adhesion, binds LFA-1... 

The picornavirus family, which includes rhinovirus, poliovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus, has provided the test bed for structural studies on virus-antibody and virus-receptor complexes. The crystal structure of human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) revealed a canyon encircling the 5-fold... 

Substantial progress has been made in the identification of specific host cell receptors for different viruses and, in many cases, the structural features of virus—receptor interactions have been defined. This review has... 

Schweighardt B, Atwood WJ (2001) Virus receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neurovirol 7 187-195. 

Fingeroth JD, Weiss JJ, Tedder TF, Strominger JL, Biro PA, Fearon DT. Epstein-Barr virus receptor of human B lymphocytes in the C3d receptor CR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984 81 4510-4. 

IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUS RECEPTORS WITH GLYCAN MICROARRAYS... 

FIGURE 3 Examples of virus receptors identified by glycan microarrays. Examples of influenza virus A glycan receptors identified from HMG shotgun array (A), and MVM receptors identified from CFG microarray (B), and the HMG SGM (C). Common motifs for virus recognition are highlighted by boxes. 

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