Receptor for viruses

Lukert (1972) made the interesting observation, which may not, however, be directly related to substrate specificity, that the attachment of avian, infectious bronchitis virus to monolayers of chicken embryo kidney cells was inhibited not only by the addition of free or bound sialic acid, but by sulfhydryl-containing compounds. Receptors could be destroyed by neuraminidase or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate treatment. The adsorption of Newcastle disease virus, however, was not affected by the addition of sulfhydryl compounds. 

The role of viral neuraminidase in viral adsorption, hemagglutination, infectivity, and virus release has been studied extensively. Studies of sialic acid release have revealed two distinct stages in infectivity (Fresen and Ubendorfer, 1973 Tsvetkova and Lipkind, 1973). For 

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Lee, J.H., Baker, T.J., Mahal, L.K., Zabner, J., Bertozzi, C.R., Wiemer, D.F., and Welsh, M.J. (1999) Engineering novel cell surface receptors for virus-mediated gene transfer./. Biol. Chem. 274, 21878. 

Located at the terminus of numerous cell-surface oligosaccharides, sialic acids are ideally positioned to participate in biological processes including cell-biomolecule-mediated recognition phenomena, acting as receptors for viruses and bacteria, cellcell communication, and as markers in certain diseases [9, 27, 29],... 

Proteoglycans are abundantly expressed on adherent cells and are natural receptors for viruses like adeno-associated virus [33] or pathogenic bacteria [34]. Formulations with a net positive charge based on either polycations or cationic lipids have been mostly used for nucleic acid delivery but are in principle also... 

G. are essential components of receptors for virus and plant agglutinins, and of blood group substances The siderophilins and ceruloplasmin are G.Some G. are membrane carrier proteins The carbohydrate portion of gonadotropic hormones is essential to their biological activity in many cases, selective removal of the terminal sialic acid residues inactivates the hormone. The carbohydrate evidently serves as a label for recognition by a receptor. 

Cell Membrane Receptors for Viruses, Antigens, and Antibodies, Polypeptide Hormones, and... 

It has long been known that cells vary greatly in their susceptibility to viral infection, even when no differences can be demonstrated in their surface receptors for virus adsorption. Moreover, the same virus clone can inhibit macromolecular synthesis in one cell type to a greater extent than another, even though virus yields may not differ significantly. For example, Baxt and Bablanian (1976 ) showed that VSV inhibits nucleic acid synthesis in BHK-21 celts more readily than it does in LLC-MK2 cells. Week and Wagner (1978) also reported that MFC-11 mouse myeloma celts were more susceptible to VSV shut-off of cellular RNA synthesis than were BHK-21 or mouse L cells. 

Dales, S., Stern, W., Weintraub, S. B., and Huima, T., 1976, Genetically controlled surface modifications by poxviruses influencing cell-cell and cell-virus interactions, in Cell Membrane Receptors for Viruses, Antigens and Antibodies, Polypeptide Hormones, and Small Molecules, Chap. 19, Raven Press, New York. 

It can be seen then that the metabolic state of the cell is an important factor influencing surface membrane functions. Where viral transformation causes cancer-like properties, metabolic control at the nucleic acid level is likely, although viral-host interactions seem more complex than first theorized (Altman and Katz, 1976). Receptors for enteroviruses have been reported and shown to be specific for various viral strains. Susceptibility to viral infection is correlated with the presence of receptor sites on intracellular membranes as well as on the cell surface. Chemically, virus receptors solubilized from plasma membranes have been determined to be lipoproteins, with the protein moiety being most important in determining receptor activity (McLaren et al., 1968). A review of cell membrane receptors for viruses, antigens and... 

Rossmann suggested that the canyons form the binding site for the rhi-novirus receptor on the surface of the host cells. The receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses is an adhesion protein known as lCAM-1. Cryoelectron microscopic studies have since shown that ICAM-1 indeed binds at the canyon site. Such electron micrographs of single virus particles have a low resolution and details are not visible. However, it is possible to model components, whose structure is known to high resolution, into the electron microscope pictures and in this way obtain rather detailed information, an approach pioneered in studies of muscle proteins as described in Chapter 14. 

Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 661-666 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, Wu X, O Brien WA, Ratner L, Kappes JC, Shaw GM, Hunter E (2000) Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gpl20. J Virol 74 8358-8367... 

Glycophorin A appears to serve a variety of functions on the red-cell membrane, and has been implicated in several red-cell disorders. Because it extends from the external environment of the cell into the cell cytoplasm, it is considered to constitute a receptor for malarial parasites,"" influenza viruses, lectins, and Portuguese man-of-war toxin. Many of these receptor functions are attributable to the carbohydrate composition of these... 

HIV strains are grouped according to the preferred site of replication. T-tropic viruses prefer replication in T lymphocytes and M-tropic viruses in macrophages. Use of chemokine receptors differs for each subgroup CXCR4 (or fusin, the receptor for stromal cell-derived factor [SDF-1]) for T-tropic viruses and CCR5 (the receptor... 

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