Virus, cell-surface receptor

Clapham PR, McKnight A. Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentivimses. J Gen Virol 2002 83(Pt 8) 1809-1829. 

Lee, J.H., Baker, T.J., Mahal, L.K., Zabner, J., Bertozzi, C.R., Wiemer, D.F., and Welsh, M.J. (1999) Engineering novel cell surface receptors for virus-mediated gene transfer./. Biol. Chem. 274, 21878. 

Although Epstein-Barr virus is capable of inducing cellular transformation, few antibody-producing B-lymphocytes display the viral cell surface receptor. Most, therefore, are immune... 

An additional virus that has more recently gained some attention as a possible vector is that of the sindbis virus. A member of the alphavirus family, this ssRNA virus can infect a broad range of both insect and vertebrate cells. The mature virion particles consist of the RNA genome com-plexed with a capsid protein C. This, in turn, is enveloped by a lipid bilayer in which two additional viral proteins (El and E2) are embedded. The E2 polypeptide appears to mediate viral binding to the surface receptors of susceptible cells. The major mammalian cell surface receptor it targets appears to be the highly conserved, widely distributed laminin receptor. 

Interferons There are two types of interferons Type I, which includes IFN-a and IFN-jS, and Type II consisting of IFN-y. IFN-a and IFN- 8 have about 30% homology in amino acid sequence. There are two more recently discovered Type I interferons they are called IFN-o and IFN-t. IFN-a and IFN- 8 each have 166 amino acids, and IFN-yhas 143. Both IFN-a and IFN-jS are of single chain structure and bind to the same type of cell surface receptors, whereas IFN-y is a dimer of two identical chains and interacts with another type of receptor. All our cells can produce Type I interferons when infected by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, only T cells and natural killer cells can produce... 

Tailor, C., Nouri, A., Lee, C., Kozak, C. and Kabat, D. (1999) Cloning and characterization of a cell surface receptor for xenotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 96, 927-932. 

Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is capable of inducing cellular transformation, few antibody-producing B lymphocytes display the viral cell surface receptor. Most, therefore, are immune to EBV infection. Even upon successful transformation, most produce low-affinity IgM antibodies, and the cells are often unstable. Having said that, one monoclonal antibody approved for medical use (Humaspect, Table 10.4) is produced by a human lymphoblastoid cell line originally transformed by EBV. 

Interferons are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune system in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells. There are three major classes of interferons, interferon type I, interferon type II and interferon type III. They bind to a differen cell surface receptor complexes. The type I interferons in humans are IFN-o , IFN-jS and IFN- >. IFN-y is human interferon type II. All classes of interferon are important in fighting RNA virus infections and endogenous interferons are secreted when abnormally large amounts of dsRNA are found in a cell. 

Ried, M.U., A. Girod, K. Leike, H. Buning, and M. Hallek, Adeno-associated virus capsids displaying immunoglobulin-binding domains permit antibody-mediated vector retargeting to specific cell surface receptors. J Virol, 2002. 76(9) 4559-66. 

Helenius, A. Morein, B. Fries, E. Simons, K. Robinson, P. Shirrmacher, V. Terhorst, C. Strominger, J.L. Human (HLA-A and HLA-B) and murine (H-2K and H2-D) histocompatibility antigens are cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. 

Integrins are widely expressed cell surface receptors involved in cell-cell adhesion and interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix. Integrins enable the cellular uptake of structures as large as bacteria and as small as viruses. Thus, they constitute good targets for developing selective gene delivery systems. 

AAV2 and its helper viruses like HSV, AAY2 interacts with the cell surface via heparin sulfate, and AAV internalization is mediated by aV/ 5 integrin, which is also required by adenovirus for uptake. Serotypes other than AAV2 exhibit different tropisms and interact with different cell surface molecules. Some of the cell surface receptors have been identified for AAV3 (HSPG Rabinowitz et al.,... 

Shi, W., Arnold, G. S. and Bartlett, J. S. (2001). Insertional mutagenesis of the adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) capsid gene and generation of AAV2 vectors targeted to alternative cell-surface receptors. Hum. Gene Ther. 12, 1697-1711. 

GSLs play crucial roles in functions of the nervous system and skin, cell growth and differentiation, infections, cancer, and immune response [1, 2, 12], Owing to their strategic position in membranes, they interact with toxins, bacteria, and viruses. They form membrane lipid rafts and present the attached carbohydrates as cell-surface receptors and, thus, serve as portals of entry for pathogens through carbohydrate-protein interactions [13]. For example, HIV entry is mediated by GalCer receptors of the host cells [14],... 

HIV enters the host cell by fusing the lipid membrane of the virus with the host cell membrane. This fusion is triggered by the interaction of proteins on the surface of the HIV envelope with specific cell surface receptors. One of these is CD4, the main receptor for HIV-1 that binds to gpl20, a surface protein on the virus particle.5 CD4 alone, however, is not sufficient to permit HIV fusion and cell entry-an additional co-receptor from the chemokine family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is required. The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been demonstrated to be the major co-receptor for the... 

Shieh, M. T., WuDunn, D., Montgomery, R. I., Esko, J. D., and Spear, P. G. (1992) Cell surface receptors for herpes simplex virus are heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Cell Biol 116, 1273-1281. 

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