Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor

S. Hemmi, R. Geertsen, A. Mezzacasa, I. Peter, and R. Dummer, The presence of human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor is associated with efficient adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in human melanoma cell cultures, Hum. Gene Ther. 9 2363 (1998). 

I. Dmitriev, V. Krasnykh, C. R. Miller, M. Wang, E. Kashentseva, G. Mikheeva, N. Belousova, and D. T. Curiel, An adenovirus vector with genetically modified fibers demonstrates expanded tropism via utilization of a coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-independent cell entry mechanism, J. Virol. 72 9706 (1998). 

Fig. 14.1 The life cycle of coxsackievirus B3. CVB3 starts its life cycle by attaching to its receptor CAR and coreceptor DAF. Internalized virus releases its viral RNA, which can be used as the template for translation of polyprotein or transcription by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D to replicate its genome. The polyprotein is self-cleaved by virus-encoded proteases to release structural proteins and nonstructural proteins. Later, structural proteins and viral RNA will assemble into progeny virions to be released from infected cell. Abbreviations CVB3, coxsackievirus B3 DAF, decay accelerating factor CAR, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor 3Dpo1, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Cunningham, K.A., Chapman, N.M., and Carson, S.D. (2003). Caspase-3 activation and ERK phosphorylation during CVB3 infection of cells influence of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and engineered variants. Virus Res 92, 179-186. 

Yanagawa, B., Spiller, O.B., Proctor, D.G., Choy, J., Luo, H., Zhang, H.M., Suarez, A., Yang, D., and McManus, B.M. (2004). Soluble recombinant coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor abrogates coxsackievirus b3-mediated pancreatitis and myocarditis in mice. J Infect Dis 189, 1431-1439. 

Dmitriev I, Kashentseva E, Rogers BE, Krasnykh V, Curiel DT. 2000. Ecto-domain of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor genetically fused to epidermal growth factor mediates adenovirus targeting to epidermal growth factor receptorpositive cells. J. Virol. 74 6875-84... 

Adenoviruses consist of a large double-stranded DNA genome (about 36 kilobase pairs long) packaged within a nonenveloped icosahedral capsid that is primarily composed of three virus-encoded proteins (hexon, pen ton base, and fiber proteins) [39]. The fiber proteins protrude fi om the surface of the virus and mediate its attachment to target cells via a high affinity interaction with the cellular receptor CAR (coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor) [40]. The virus is then internahzed into endosomal vesicles via specific interactions between the penton base proteins and ofy integrins [41]. Adenoviruses escape these vesicles by an acid-induced endosomolytic activity and are transported to the nucleus, into which they enter via pores in the nuclear membrane [42]. 

Pickles RJ, Fahmer JA Petrella JM, Boucher RC, Bergelson JM. Retargeting the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor to the apical surfece of polarized epithelial cells reveals the glycocalyx as a barrier to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. J Virol 2000 74 6050-6057. 

Dorner, A., Xiong, D., Couch, K., Yajima, T., and Knowlton, K.U. (2004). Alternatively spliced soluble coxsackie-adenovirus receptors inhibit coxsackievirus infection. J Biol Chem 279, 18497-18503. 

Fig. 1 Cryo-EM map of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR. red and green) bound to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3, grey). Adapted from Ref. [51] with permission from Nature Publishing Group. (View this urt in color at www.dekker.com.)...

Roelvink PW, Lizonova A, Lee JGM, Li Y, Bergelson JM, Finberg RW, Brough DE, Kovesdi I, Wickham TJ (1998) The coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor protein can function as a Cellular attachment protein for adenovirus serotypes from subgenera A, C, D, E, and F. J Virol 72 7909-7915... 

Tomko RP, Xu R, Philipson L. HCAR and MCAR the human and mouse cellular receptors for subgroup C adenoviruses and group B coxsackieviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 3352-3356. 

---