Human airway

O Leary, M. 2002. The British Airways human factors reporting programme. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 75(2), 245-255. 

What were the categories under which the British Airways Human Factors Reporting Program "BASIS" divided accident causation ... 

FIGURE 5.15 Cross-section of human nasal turbinates at various positions along the airway. Distances indicated are from the nares. The medial surface in each cross-section represents the nasal septum. (Modified from Guilmette et al. )... 

Nonciliated cells separate fields of ciliated epithelial cells from each other. Synchronized ciliary movement, with a beat frequency in human proximal airways under normal conditions of 8-15 EIz, propels mucus along the mucociliary escalator at a rate of up to 25 mm/min. Beat frequencies appear to slow to roughly 7 Hz in more distal airways. Cilia move in the same direction and in phase within each field but cilia in adjacent fields move in slightly different directions and are phase shifted. These beat patterns result in metachronal waves that steadily move mucus at higher velocities ( -12-18 mm/min) than would be achievable by summing the motion of individual cilia. 

Guilmette, R. A., Wicks, J. D., and Wolff, R. K. (1989). Morphometry of human nasal airways m vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. J. Aerosol Med. 2, 365-377. 

Larson, T. V., Covert, D.S., Frank, R., and Charlson, R.J. (1977). Ammonia in the human airways neutralization of inspired acid sulfate aerosols. Science 197, 161-163. 

Kaufman, J. W. (1999). The role of upper airway heat and water vapor exchange in hygroscopic aerosol deposition iii the human airway. In Toxicity Assessment Alternatives Methods, Issues, Opportunities (H. Salem and S.A. Katz, Eds.), pp. 63-70. Humana Press Inc., Totow a, NJ. 

Cocks, A, T, and McElroy, W. J. (1984). Modeling studies of the concurrent growth and neutralization of sulfuric acid aerosols under conditions in the human airways. Eimironmefital Res. 35, 79-96. 

Scheuch, G., and Stahlhofen, W. (1992). Deposition and dispersion of aerosols in the airways of the human respiratory tract the effect of particle size. Exper. Lung Res. 18, 343-358. 

Extrathoracic airways The portion of the human conducting airways prox-... 

The human histamine Hi-receptor is a 487 amino acid protein that is widely distributed within the body. Histamine potently stimulates smooth muscle contraction via Hi-receptors in blood vessels, airways and in the gastrointestinal tract. In vascular endothelial cells, Hi-receptor activation increases vascular permeability and the synthesis and release of prostacyclin, plateletactivating factor, Von Willebrand factor and nitric oxide thus causing inflammation and the characteristic wheal response observed in the skin. Circulating histamine in the bloodstream (from, e.g. exposure to antigens or allergens) can, via the Hi-receptor, release sufficient nitric oxide from endothelial cells to cause a profound vasodilatation and drop in blood pressure (septic and anaphylactic shock). Activation of... 

Matrosovich M, Klenk H-D (2003) Natural and synthetic sialic acid-containing inhibitors of influenza virus receptor binding. Rev Med Virol 13 85-97 Matrosovich MN, Matrosovich TY, Gray T, Roberts NA, Klenk H-D (2004) Neuraminidase is important for the initiation of influenza virus infection in human airway epithelium. J Virol 78 12665-12667... 

Kato A, Favoreto S Jr, Avila PC, Schleimer RP TLR3- and Th2 cytokine-dependent production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human airway epithelial cells. J Immunol 2007 179 1080-1087. 

H. A. (1986). Ozone-induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 1321-1325. 

Phalen RF, Oldham HJ, Beaucage CB, et al. 1985. Postnatal enlargement of human tracheobronchial airways and implications for particle deposition. Anat. Rec. 212 368-380. 

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