Virus-receptor interactions

The initial step in the sequence of events leading to influenza virus infections in mammalian hosts is mediated by the multiple attachment of virus particles to host sialoside receptors in the nasopharynx [41]. These receptors consist largely of cell surface sialylated glycoproteins and gangliosides. The subsequent steps involve receptor-mediated endocytosis with ensuing release of the viral nucleo-plasmid. The first event responsible for the receptor-virus interaction is therefore an attractive target for both antiviral and related microbial intervention. 

This theme has been developed by studies of receptor—virus interactions for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the receptor for a minor receptor group rhinovirus HRV-2 (Hewat et al, 2000), and the glycolipid globoside bound to human parvovirus (Chipman et al, 1996). Both of these receptors are small and globular and bind at different positions on the viral surface. In the case of LDLR, binding is at a star-shaped dome... 

These studies are the only structural studies to suggest that antibody binding may affect the capsid in ways other than just small, localized changes at the epitope—paratope interface. However, these changes are not related to bivalent binding of the antibody, nor are they related to neutralization efficacy. The conclusion from these studies is, again, that the major effect of the antibody on viral infectivity is steric abrogation of receptor-virus interactions. 

Polydefkis M, Yiannoutsos CT et al (2002) Reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Neurology 58(1) 115-119 Power C, Gill MJ et al (2002) Progress in clinical neurosciences The neuropathogenesis of HIV infection host-virus interaction and the impact of therapy. Can J Neurol Sci 29(l) 19-32 Premack BA, SchaU TJ (1996) Chemokine receptors gateways to inflammation and infection. Nat Med 2(11) 1174-1178... 

Alirezaei M, Watry DD, Flynn CF, Kiosses WB, MasUah E, Williams BR, Kaul M, Lipton SA, Fox HS (2007) Human immunodeficiency virus-1/surface glycoprotein 120 induces apoptosis through RNA-activated protein kinase signahng in neurons. J Neurosci 27 11047-11055 Allen SJ, Crown SE, Handel TM (2007) Chemokine receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism. Annu Rev Immunol 25 787-820... 

Lipid Domains, Chemistry of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Receptor-Ligand Interactions Receptors, Chemistry of Signal Transduction Across Membranes Virus-Based Drug Delivery... 

An increasing number of examples are known whereby receptors that recognize neurotransmitters also recognize much larger chemical species, notably viruses, and serve as entry points for virus penetration into the cell. Among the most widely studied such systems in recent years are the CD4 and chemokine receptors with which the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses interact with terminal consequences. A number of specific examples are given in Table 1. 

Among the known human retroviruses are human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (FITLY), which causes a form of leukemia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Both of these viruses can infect only specific cell types, primarily certain cells of the immune system and, in the case of HIV, some central nervous system neurons and glial cells. Only these cells have cell-surface receptors that interact with viral envelope proteins, accounting for the host-cell specificity of these viruses. Unlike most other retroviruses, HIV eventually kills its host cells. The eventual death of large numbers of... 

A major obstacle to a productive virus infection is the cell surface. Only certain cell types have the appropriate lipoproteins on their periphery which can act as receptor material for a particular picomavirus (6). This receptor material serves as an adsoipition site for the virus, the initial virus interaction with the host, and the first step in the infective process. The cell... 

Animal V. The first stage of infection is adsorption of the vims to the exterior surface of the animal cell membrane. Adsorption occurs by interaction between a virus-coded protein on the surface of the virion and a receptor moleeule on the cell membrane. Most cell receptors are glycoproteins. Moreover, they are normal membrane glycoproteins with specific functions unrelated to virus infection. The interaction is specific. Thus, the binding protein of influenza virus interacts with the o2 3 linked terminal sialic add residue of the host cell membrane glycopFOtein treatment of a cell with sialidase (neuraminidase) renders it resistant to infection, and glycoproteins with al 6 linked siaUc acid do not serve as receptors. Under natural conditions, the presence of appropriate receptor molecules on the cell membrane is a precondition for virus infection, i.e. in the absence of receptors, the cell is not permissive for virus infection... 

This family contains non-enveloped DNA viruses that bind to their receptors via interactions with the distal knob of the penton fibers attached to the vertices of the icosahedral virions. Human adenoviruses mainly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Several adenoviruses also infect the eye where the most important disease is epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), caused primarily by Ad8, Adl9, and Ad37. Ad37 binds preferentially to a2-3-linked sialic acid which is the most frequent type of sialic acid linkage in corneal and conjunctival cells [201]. The crystal structure of the Ad37 knob-sialic acid complex has been elucidated [202]. 

Dales, S., Stern, W., Weintraub, S. B., and Huima, T., 1976, Genetically controlled surface modifications by poxviruses influencing cell-cell and cell-virus interactions, in Cell Membrane Receptors for Viruses, Antigens and Antibodies, Polypeptide Hormones, and Small Molecules, Chap. 19, Raven Press, New York. 

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