Cold virus

In this chapter we will examine the construction principles of spherical viruses, the structures of individual subunits and the host cell binding properties of the surface of one of the picornaviruses, the common cold virus. 

Rossmann, M.G., et al. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picor-naviruses. Nature 317 145-153, 1985. 

On occasion, it may be necessary to postpone the regular immunization schedule, particularly for children. This is of special concern to parents. The decision to delay immunization because of illness or for other reasons must be discussed with the primary health care provider. However, the decision to administer or delay vaccination because of febrile illness (illness causing an elevated temperature) depends on the severity of the symptoms and the specific disorder. In general, all vaccines can be administered to those with minor illness, such as a cold virus and to those with a low-grade fever. However, moderate or severe febrile illness is a contraindication. hi instances of moderate or severe febrile illness, vaccination is done as soon as the acute phase of... 

The requirements of protease inhibitors as drugs in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity will vary depending on the nature of the infection and the goals of therapy. At one extreme is treatment of HlV-1, a chroific infection that requires life-long therapy and full suppression of viral replication. At the other extreme is the treatment of human rhinovirus (i.e., the cold virus), where short-term treatment to blunt viremia will likely be sufficient to reduce the unwanted symptoms of a cold. In all cases, viral proteases represent very attractive targets with familiar mechanisms of catalysis that frequently allow for the design of transition state analogs and with distinct specificities from host proteases. 

Rhinoviruses Naked icosahedra 30 nm in diameter The common cold viruses there are over 100 antigenioally distinct types, hence the diffiouity in preparing effective vaccines. The virus is shed copiousiy in watery nasai secretions... 

Hofer F. Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate cell entry of a minor group common cold virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994 91 1839-1842. 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

The typical person is influenced by both an optimistic bias and an illusion of control (Frewer et al., 1994). When these are lost or compromised, panic can occur. While panic disorder can afflict an individual, panic also occurs as a collective phenomena. While it has been thought that emotional instability will lead some people to be more likely to panic, this is not always found. However, people who are emotionally unstable are more likely to attach importance to information provided during the crises than more emotionally stable individuals (Verbeke and Van Kenhove, 2002). Furthermore, some people are more likely to believe they are sick or affected than others. Feldman et al. (1999) examined the panic predisposition of people based on their classification by the big five personality factors. People were inoculated with a common cold virus, and those who were classified as neurotic were more likely to report unfounded illness and more symptoms than other groups. In contrast to this, openness to experience was associated with reporting unfounded symptoms in those with verifiable colds, whereas conscientiousness was associated with reporting unfounded illness in those who were not ill (Feldman et al, 1999). 

Arnold, E., et al. (1987). Structure determination of a common cold virus, human rhinovirus 14. Acta Crystallogr. A43, 346-361. 

Arnold E, Rossmann MG. Analysis of the structure of the common cold virus, human rhino vims 14, refined at a resolution of 3.0 A. J Mol Biol 1990 211 763—801. 

Despite the co-occurrence of sleep disturbances with virtually all infectious diseases, relatively few studies have looked at the exact nature of sleep changes associated with infection. Reports of sleep during rhinovirus 23 infection (the cold virus) have included a decrease in sleep duration and sleep efficiency, with an associated reduction in neurobehavioral performance (vigilance) and a trend for reduced subjective vigor (Profile of Mood States, POMS) (190). 

Tyrrell (1967) gives a half-life for common cold virus infectivity of about 3 min at 40 to 50 percent relative humidity and 10 min at 90 percent relative humidity. Then Eq. 6.27 can be adapted to account for the decrease in infectivity, to give... 

Immune cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) T cell activation, cold virus receptor neutrophil adhesion, binds LFA-1... 

Lewis, J. K., Bothner, B., Smith, T. J., and Siuzdak, G. (1998). Antiviral agent blocks breathing of the common cold virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6774—6778. 

Like the human cold virus, insect viruses tend to thrive when their hosts are under stress. They occur naturally but don t severely impact pest populations except under stressful conditions, such as high numbers of pests with a limited food supply. They re specific to insects and mites and are safe for other organisms and the environment. 

The effects of stress on the depression of serum/leucocyte levels of vitamin C were recently summarized (60). Included were myocardial infarction, and other conditions involving physical, infective, or traumatic insult, including cold virus infection, and intravenous tetracosactrin. Associated with the reduced ascorbate level in myocardial infarction was an increased cortisol level over a period of 56 d. The authors recommended 1 g of ascorbic acid/d for 1 month following the traumatic event, with a comment concerning the need for additional study (60). Plasma ascorbate was also depressed following iv administration of adrenalin this depression was prevented by prior administration of propranolol, a )3-blocker (61). Smoking not only reduces blood levels of vitamin C (62,63), but increases the proportion of the population in the scorbutic range of blood values fourfold (64). These effects are probably caused by increased... 

Connect to our Web Site at http //chemistry.brookscole.com/skoogfac/. From the Chapter Resources menu, choose Web Works. Locate the Chapter 33 section and click on the link to the Agilent Technologies Web site. Find the application brief entitled Analysis of human rhinovirus (common cold virus) in viral preparations by CZE. What type of detector was used in this study What type of injection was used, and how long was it applied What was the applied voltage What background electrolyte was used ... 

The complete, mature virus particle is known as a virion and usually has a regular shape. Many virions are icosahedral, that is, the capsid is formed from identical protein subunits (capsomeres) that combine to produce a solid with twenty faces, each of which is an equilateral triangle. The herpes viruses are of this type, as are the picomaviruses of which the polio viruses and rhinoviruses (cold viruses) are the bestknown members. The other common regular shape is that of a helix, and the tobacco mosaic virus is of this type. Its single helical strand of RNA is enclosed within a hollow tube, which comprises 2130 protein subunits arranged in a helix. Other viruses with a similar structure are the... 

Once inside the cell, the viral genome can elicit the help of the host cell s replication and protein biosynthesis capabilities in order to produce new copies of viral DNA or RNA, together with new structural proteins and essential enzymes. For the rhinoviruses (common cold viruses), their RNA is already able to function as a blueprint (messenger RNA, m-RNA) for protein production - they are termed RNA-(+)-viruses. The other major RNA viruses (e.g., influenza) have to make a complementary copy of their RNA before this can function as m-RNA - these are termed RNA-(—)-viruses. Whether the virus is (+) or (—), its m-RNA codes for an RNA polymerase, which controls the production of new copies of viral RNA. To ensure that the correct (+) or (—) form is made, the RNA polymerase first catalyses the production of a complimentary RNA strand - (+) requires a (—) strand and (—) requires a (+) strand, and then uses this as a template for the production of the complimentary (native) RNA form. 

Hofer, F., Gruenberger, M., Kowalski, H., Machat, H., Huettinger, M., Kuechler, E., Blaas, D., 1994. Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate cell entry of a minor-group common cold virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 1839-1842. 

Del Vecchio AM, Sarisky RT (2006) Cold virus fusion or stopping fusion cold - inhibitors of the human respiratory syncytial virus F protein. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 1 247-254... 

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