Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus

Miller D., V. Urdaneta, and A. Weltman (2002). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—Pennsylvania, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51 509. 

Tenover F.C., L.M. Weigel, P.C. Appelbaum, L.K. McDougal, J. Chaitram, S. McAllister, N. Clark, G. Killgore, C.M. O Hara, L. Jevitt, J.B. Patel, and B. Bozdogan (2004). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylavania. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48 275-280. 

Whitener C.J., S.Y. Park, F.A. Browne, L.J. Parent, K. Julian, B. Bozdogan, P.C. Appelbautn, J. Chaitram, L.M. Weigel, J. Jemigan, L.K. McDougal, F.C. Tenover, and S.K. Fridkin (2004). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 1049-1055. 

Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus A new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2001 1 147. [PMID 11871491]... 

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major resistant pathogens. Found on the mucous membranes and the skin of around a third of the population, it is extremely adaptable to antibiotic pressure. MRS A was first detected in the early 1960s and is now quite common in hospitals. Strains with intermediate (4-8 J,g/ml) levels of resistance, termed glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (GISA) or vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), began appearing in the late 1990s the first documented strain with complete (> 16 ag/ml) resistance to vancomycin, termed vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), appeared in 2002. 

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA)... 

Figure 7 Localization of cell wall synthesis in isogenic pairs of vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Images show labeling of JH1/JH9 (susceptible) and COL/VM50 (resistant) cells with a fluorescent vancomycin derivative, after growth with an excess of o-serine (synthesis of older peptidoglycan with D-Ala-D-ser termini, to which the labeled vancomycin cannot bind) followed by transient incubation with o-Alanine, which results in n-Ala incorporation into new peptidoglycan, to which the vancomycin can bind. In all cases, the main location for cell wall synthesis is at the division septum. Data reproduced from P. M. Pereira S. R. Filipe A. Tomasz M. G. Pinho, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51 (10), 3627, with permission from the American Society for Microbiology.

The ferrocenyl bioconjugates of 6-aminopenicillanic acid 112 (Figure 3.7) have been evaluated for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus), S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus awrews), S. awrewsATCC 700787 (VRSA, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 bacterial strains [86]. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of... 

Some of the most clinical significant bacteria involved in drug-resistant infections include (Table 6.1) Acinetobacter baumannii, P aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to j lactamases, along with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Alekshun and Levy 2(X)7 Lee et al. 2008 Ojha et al. 2008 Weigel et al. 2007). Resistance mechanisms allow bacteria... 

Weigel LM, Donlan RM, Shin DH, Jensen B, Clark NC, McDougal LK, Zhu W, Musser KA, Thompson J, Kohlerschmidt D, Dumas N, Limberger RJ, Patel JB (2007) High-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a polymicrobial biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 231-238... 

As recently as 1970, only about 30 naturally occurring organohalogen compounds were known. It was simply assumed that chloroform, halogenated phenols, chlorinated aromatic compounds called PCBs, and other such substances found in the environment were industrial pollutants. Now, only a third of a century later, the situation js quite different. More than 5000 organohalogen compounds have been found to occur naturally, and tens of thousands more surely exist. From a simple compound like chloromethane to an extremely complex one like vancomycin, a remarkably diverse range of organohalogen compounds exists in plants, bacteria, and animals. Many even have valuable physiological activity. Vancomycin, for instance, is a powerful antibiotic produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis and used clinically to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 

Problems of recent years involving listeriosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis and Legionnaire s disease have received attention, as have the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

Joint replacement S. aureus, S. epidermidis Cefazolin 1 gx 1 preoperatively, then every 8 hours x 2 more doses Vancomycin reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or where institutional prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus warrants use IA... 

The combined synergistic effects of cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) were effective against five vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains Enterococcus faecium (K-99-38), E. faecalis (K-99-17), E. faecalis (K-99-258), E. faecium (K-01-312), and E. faecalis (K-01-511) with MIC values of 0.25—1 mgl . It also showed activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 0.25—0.5 mg 1. This combination also showed mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO strains in a Salmonella mutation assay. ... 

Dhawan B, Gadepalli R, Kapil A. (2009) In vitro activity of daptomycin against Staphylococcus Aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Faecium isolates associated with skin and soft tissue infections First results from India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65 196-198. 

Recently, the piperazine intermediate 15 for the total synthesis of (—)-lemon-omycin (9) was reported by Fukuyama et al. [14], (—)-Lemonomycin possesses interesting antibiotic activity against methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, as well as cytotoxicity against the human colon tumor cell line HCT-116 [15]. The reaction of 2-isocyanoethyl phenyl carbonate 11 gave Ugi product 14, which was further transformed to a piperazine intermediate 15 (Scheme 2). 

MRSA = methicillin-resistant Streptococcus aureus, MRSE = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermitis, PRSP = peniciUin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and VRE = vancomycin-resistant enterococci. 

Hiramatsu K., H. Hanaki, T. Ino, K. Yahuta, T. Oguri, and F.C. Tenover (1997). MethiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chnical strains with reduced vancomycin susceptihihty. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40 135-136. 

S. A. Roberts, J. Robson, K. Read, N. Bak, J. Hurley, P.D.R. Johnson, A.J. Morris, B.C. Mayall, and M.L. Grayson (2004). Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 521-528. 

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