Infection exogenous

Carpentier PA, Duncan DS, Miller SD (2008) GUal toU-hke receptor signaling in central nervous system infection and autoimmunity. Brain Behav Immun 22 140-147 Carr DJ, Serou M (1995) Exogenous and endogenous opioids as biological response modifiers. Immunopharmacology 31 59-71... 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Findings on physical examination, along with the clinical presentation, can help to provide the anatomic location of the infection. Once the anatomic site is identified, the most probable pathogens associated with disease can be determined based on likely endogenous or exogenous flora. 

Host-resistance assays can be used to assess the overall immunocompetence of the humoral or cell-mediated immune systems of the test animal (host) to fend off infection with pathogenic microbes, or to resist tumorigenesis and metastasis. These assays are performed entirely in vivo and are dependent on all of the various components of the immune system to be functioning properly. Thus, these assays may be considered to be more biologically relevant than in vitro tests that only assess the function of cells from one source and of one type. Since these assays require that the animal be inoculated with a pathogen or exogenous tumor cell, they cannot be performed as part of a general preclinical toxicity assessment, and are thus classified as Type 2 tests in the revised Redbook. These assays are also included as Tier II tests by the NTP. 

The answer is D. The most likely diagnosis in this case is CPT-II deficiency, although this is apparently a fairly mild case. The patient s muscle weakness and brown urine (myoglobinuria) are characteristic of this disorder. CPT-I deficiency would most likely manifest as liver dysfunction. A secondary form of carnitine deficiency due to exogenous factors such as malnutrition, infection, or dialysis, is unlikely. MCAD ordinarily manifests within the first 3-5 years of life. The patient s normal stature is inconsistent with Marfan syndrome, which is characterized by tall stature and very long bones in the extremities. 

Errors of omission. The major causes of cancer (other than smoking) do not involve exposures to exogenous chemicals that cause cancer in high-dose tests rather, the major causes are dietary imbalances, hormonal factors, infection and inflammation, and genetic factors. Insufficiency of many vitamins and minerals, which is preventable by supplementation, causes DNA damage by a mechanism similar to radiation. 

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