Enterococcus faecium

Resistance to the A compound of streptogramins is mediated by products of the vat genes (virginiamycin acetyliransferase), of which at least five molecular classes are known (vatA-E). These genes are located on plasmids of Enterococcus faecium and frequently in combination with a gene encoding a streptogramin hydrolase (vga/vgb) in staphylococci. 

Microbiological organisms Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella typhimurium, EnterobacUr cloacea, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes... 

This Section describes one of the first successful attempts, by a multi national project team funded by the European Commission s DC XII, to produce and certify a microbiological CRM that is both fit for purpose and meets the requirements of the ISO Guides. The first results are two bacterial strains, Enterococcus faecium (CRM 506) and Salmonella typhimurium (CRM 507) (fanning et al. 1995). Both are available as part of the EU BCR range of CRMs. 

The homogeneity determination of the bacteria in the materials is performed by viable count followed by statistical evaluation of the cormts of sub-samples from the same capsule solution and of total counts of different capsules of one batch. An example for the homogeneity determination for a batch of capsules containing Enterococcus faecium is also presented in (Janning et al. 1995). 

Tab. 5.1 Certified number concentration of colony forming particles of Enterococcus faecium (WR63) in CRM 506 from artificially contaminated milk powder (Mooijman et al. 1999)...

Additional P2 proline-containing PDF inhibitors have been reported in the patent literature by Dainippon and Questcor [95, 96]. The Dainippon examples disclosed contain an A-formyl-A-hydroxylamine group and possess good antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes. Enterococcus faecium and M. catarrhalis [95]. The Questcor patent application describes various proline-containing hydroxamic acid inhibitors [96]. 

Scharek L., Guth J., Reiter K., Weyrauch K.D., Taras D., Schwerk P., Schierack P., Schmidt M.F.G., WielerL.H. andTedinK. (2005). Influence of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain on development of the immune system of sows and piglets . Vet Immunol... 

A large screening campaign on Enterococcus faecium FabD provided the two hits A000326719 (5) and A000124358 (6). Carboxypyrrole 5 shows an IC50 of 55 (iM, while 4-hydroxyquinoline 6 is reported as a low... 

In addition to isolates with high-level aminoglycoside resistance, /3-lacta-mase-producing enterococci (especially Enterococcus faecium) are increasingly reported. If these organisms are discovered, use of vancomycin or ampicillin-sulbactam in combination with gentamicin should be considered. 

StoU VS, Manohar AV, Gillon W, Mac Farlane EL, Hynes RC, et al. 1998. A thioredoxin fusion protein of VanH, a d-lactate dehydrogenase from Enterococcus Faecium cloning, expression, purification, kinetic analysis, and crystallization. Protein Sci 7 1147-1155. 

The combined synergistic effects of cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) were effective against five vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains Enterococcus faecium (K-99-38), E. faecalis (K-99-17), E. faecalis (K-99-258), E. faecium (K-01-312), and E. faecalis (K-01-511) with MIC values of 0.25—1 mgl . It also showed activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 0.25—0.5 mg 1. This combination also showed mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO strains in a Salmonella mutation assay. ... 

Linezohd (Zyvox) is an oxazolidinone, a tive-membered heterocychc ring that forms the core of the hnezohd structure. The approval of hnezohd by the FDA in 2000 marked the first new structural class of antibacterial introduced into medical practice in the United States in 40 years. It is notable for its activity against methicillin-resistant Staph aureus, MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, VRE. It is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal but finds significant use in patients with an intact immune system. Like several other classes of antibacterials, linezolid is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. It interacts specifically with the RNA component of a bacterial ribosome subunit to prevent initiation of protein synthesis. 

Dhawan B, Gadepalli R, Kapil A. (2009) In vitro activity of daptomycin against Staphylococcus Aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Faecium isolates associated with skin and soft tissue infections First results from India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65 196-198. 

Recently, the piperazine intermediate 15 for the total synthesis of (—)-lemon-omycin (9) was reported by Fukuyama et al. [14], (—)-Lemonomycin possesses interesting antibiotic activity against methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, as well as cytotoxicity against the human colon tumor cell line HCT-116 [15]. The reaction of 2-isocyanoethyl phenyl carbonate 11 gave Ugi product 14, which was further transformed to a piperazine intermediate 15 (Scheme 2). 

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections For the treatment of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infections, including cases with concurrent bacteremia. 

An additional mechanism of antibiotic resistance involves an alteration of PBPs. Resistant bacteria, usually gram-positive organisms, produce PBPs with low affinity for p-lactam antibiotics. The development of mutations of bacterial PBPs is involved in the mechanism for p-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Enterococcus faecium, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRS A). 

TABLE 4.6 Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Susceptibility and Genetic Determinants of Resistance in Enterococcus faecium from Different Midwestern U.S. Ecologic Sources... 

Bozdogan B., R. Leclerq, A. Lozniewski, and W. Weber (1999). Plasmid-mediated coresistance to streptogramins and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium HM1032. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43 2097-2098. 

Claycamp H.G. and B.H. Hooberman (2004). Risk Assessment of Streptogramin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium Attributable to the Use of Streptogramins in Animals. Virginiamycin Risk Assessement Draft Report. Available at http //www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/ SREP RA FinalDraft.pdf accessed 2-15-2007. 

Hammerum A.H., L.B. Jensen, and F.M. Aarestrup (1998). Detection of the SatA gene and transferability of virginiamycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium from food animals. EEMS Microbiology Letters 168 145-151. 

Hayes J.R., A.C. McIntosh, S. Qai3mmi, J.A. Johnson, L.L. Enghsh, L.E. Carr, D.W. Wagner, and S.W. Joseph (2001). High-frequency recovery of quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from poultry production environment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39 2298-2299. 

S. L. Jawahir, and E.A. Belongia (2006). Use of streptogramin growth promoters in poultry and isolation of streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from humans. Journal of Infectious Diseases 194 1200-1208. 

Sorensen T.L., M. Blom, D.L. Monnet, N. Frimodt-Moller, R.L. Poulsen, and F. Espersen (2001). Transient intestinal carriage after ingestion of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium from chicken and pork. New England Journal of Medicine 345 1161-1166. 

Werner G., I. Klare, and W. Witte (1998). Association between quinupristin/dalfopristin resistance in gylcopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and the use of additives in animal feed. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 17 401-402. 

Willems R.J.L., J. Top, M. van Santen, D.A. Robinson, T.M. Coque, F. Baquero, H. Grundmann, and M.J.M. Bonten (2005). Global spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium fi om distinct nosocomial genetic complex. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 821-828. 

---