Infections, drug-resistant

Transmissible Drug Resistance. Reports 21-28 hich describe mechanisms underlying bacterial resistance in exact enzymatic and molecular terms have added to our understanding of the provocative problem of "infective" drug resistance. 

M. H. Miceli and P. Chandrasekar, Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B for the empirical therapy of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Infect. Drug Resist., 2012, 5, 9 16. 

Because the natural penicillins have been used for many years, drug-resistant strains of microorganisms have developed, making the natural penicillins less effective than some of the newer antibiotics in treating a broad range of infections. Bacterial resistance has occurred within tire penicillins. Bacterial resistance is the ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivate or destroy the penicillin. One example of bacterial resistance is tiie ability of certain bacteria to produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates penicillin. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins were developed to combat this problem. 

Lee EJ, Kantor R, Zijenah L, Sheldon W, Emel L, Mateta P, Johnston E, Wells J, Shetty AK, Coovadia H et al. (2005) Breast-mUk shedding of drug-resistant HIV-1 subtype C in women exposed to single-dose nevirapine. J Infect Dis 192 1260-1264... 

Ison MG, Gubareva LV, Atmar RL, Treanor J, Hayden EG (2006a) Recovery of drug-resistant influenza virus from immunocompromised patients a case series, J Infect Dis 193 760-764 Ison MG, Mishin VP, Braciale TJ, Hayden EG, Gubareva LV (2006b) Comparative activities of oseltamivir and A-322278 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models of influenza virus infection, J Infect Dis 193 765-772... 

Lalezari JP, Henry K, O Hearn M, Montaner JS, Piliero PJ, Trottier B, Walmsley S, Cohen C, Kuritzkes DR, Eron JJ Jr, Chung J, DeMasi R, Donatacci L, Drobnes C, Delehanty J, Salgo M (2003c) Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America. N Engl J Med 348 2175-2185... 

Kantor R (2006) Impact of HIV-1 pol diversity on drug resistance and its clinical imphcations, Curr Opin Infect Dis 19 594-606... 

Moatti JP, Spire B, Kazatchkine M (2004) Drug resistance and adherence to HIV/AIDS antiretroviral treatment against a double standard between the north and the south, AIDS I8 S55-S6I Moore RD, Chaisson RE (1997) Costs to Medicaid of advancing immunosuppression in an urban HIV-infected patient population in Maryland, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 16 223-231... 

Kieffer TL, Finucane MM, Nettles RE, Quinn TC, Broman KW, Ray SC, Persaud D, SUiciano RF (2004) Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance at the limit of detection virus production without evolution in treated adults with undetectable HIV loads. J Infect Dis 189(8) 1452-1465 Kinoshita S, Su L, Amano M, Timmerman LA, Kaneshima H, Nolan GP (1997) The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells. Immunity 6(3) 235-244... 

Drug resistance 3.5 Central nervous system infections... 

The advent of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has led to increased fears of untreatable infections by serious pathogens. Rifampicin, streptomycin and, occasionally, the quinolones are drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections and resistance to those agents is as described previously. There... 

Improvement in symptoms should occur within 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy for most patients with CAP. Response to therapy could be slowed in patients with underlying pulmonary disease such as moderate to severe asthma, COPD, or emphysema. In patients not responding to therapy with no underlying factors that would suggest a slowed response to therapy, then other infectious and noninfectious reasons must be considered. The infection could be caused by a pathogen not covered by the initial therapy, a drug-resistant isolate could be present, or more severe infection could be present (nonpulmonary), and the patient should be... 

Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media Management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance—A report from the Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 18(l) l-9. 

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