U.S. manufacturers

Economic Aspects. In 1994, there were 14 producing MDF mills in the United States. These mills produced 2.240 million m of product (2). The market for MDF in the United States is fairly weU saturated at this time and for this reason the industry is expanding only slowly. However, as noted herein, the world market is stiU growing rapidly and the manufacturers are building to satisfy this market. Currentiy, some U.S. manufacturers are also exporting MDF into these markets. 

Ma.nufa.cture. AU. manufacturers of butynediol use formaldehyde ethynylation processes. The earliest entrant was BASF, which, as successor to I. G. Farben, continued operations at Ludwigshafen, FRG, after World War II. Later BASF also set up a U.S. plant at Geismar, La. The first company to manufacture in the United States was GAF in 1956 at Calvert City, Ky., and later at Texas City, Tex., and Seadrift, Tex. The most recent U.S. manufacturer is Du Pont, which went on stream at La Porte, Tex., about 1969. Joint ventures of GAF and Hbls in Mad, Germany, and of Du Pont and Idemitsu in Chiba, Japan, are the newest producers. 

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Based on estimates of resin sales for film and sheet. Includes estimate of captive use for photographic film and pressure-sensitive tape. Table 7. U.S. Manufacturers or Distributors of Film and Sheet ... 

Economic Aspects. U.S. manufacturers of fluorosulfuric acid are AUiedSignal and Du Pont. These companies have a combined aimual capacity estimated at 20,000 metric tons, most of which is used internally although some merchant sales exist. Fluorosulfuric acid is shipped in tank cars. 

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Glass manufactuie is classified accoiding to the product into flat, container, fiber, or specialty glass. U.S. manufacturers of flat and container glass... 

Table 4 shows daylight fluorescent pigments with approximately equivalent colors manufactured by U.S. manufacturers. In addition to the colorants listed, other colors are available such as purples and shades which are stronger and between the shades Hsted. 

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

The design and testing of these developmental plants are well underway. The evolutionary designs have received final design approval from the U.S. NRC. As of 1995 evolutionary ALWR designs very similar to these, by the same U.S. manufacturers, are already being built in Asia the GE-Advanced BWR in Japan and the ABB-CE System 80+ PWR in South Korea. The N-4 PWR is under constmction in Prance, and the SizeweU PWR has completed constmction and has initiated operation in the U.K. 

Manufacture. The only current U.S. manufacturer of trimesic acid is Amoco Chemical Co. It is produced by oxidation of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) via the Hquid-phase oxidation in acetic acid using the cobalt— manganese—bromine catalyst system (138). This is a variant of the system used to produce terephthaUc and isophthaUc acids as well as trimellitic anhydride. American Bio-Synthetics Corp. did produce it by batch oxidation of mesitylene with potassium permanganate. 

The total U.S. market for radiopharmaceuticals in 1993 was 406 million. Radiopharmaceuticals sold direcdy to U.S. hospital nuclear medicine departments accounted for approximately 25% of the total sales, or about 98 million. Another 308 million were sold via nuclear pharmacies. Of direct sales among the primary U.S. manufacturers, one had approximately 49% of the market, another approximately 34%, and the third about 9%. 

Shell is the sole principal U.S. manufacturer of petroleum sulfonate having an estimated aimual plant capacity of ca 27,000 metric tons Witco and Peimrico-Morco are beheved to supply a total of ca 7,000 metric tons aimuaHy. 

Economic Aspects. The U.S. manufacture of trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride is carried out by Zeneca, Inc. (Perry, Ohio). Most of the usage is captive. The 1995 price was ca 2.50/kg. 

Petroleum sulfonates are widely used as solubilizers, dispersants (qv), emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). More recentiy, they have emerged as the principal surfactant associated with expanding operations in enhanced oil recovery (66). Alkaline-earth salts of petroleum sulfonates are used in large volumes as additives in lubricating fluids for sludge dispersion, detergency, corrosion inhibition, and micellar solubilization of water. The chemistry and properties of petroleum sulfonates have been described (67,68). Principal U.S. manufacturers include Exxon and Shell, which produce natural petroleum sulfonates, and Pilot, which produces synthetics. 

U.S. manufacturers of niacin and niacinamide include Nepera, Inc. and Reilly Industries, Inc. U.S. suppliers include BASF Corporation, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., and Rhc ne-Poulenc. Western European producers and suppHers include Degussa, Rhc ne-Poulenc, BASF, Hoffmann-La Roche, and Lon2a (71). In 1995, the prices for niacin and nicotinamide were 9.75/kg and 9.25/kg, respectively (72,73). 

The shrinkage in demand has resulted in a restmcturing of the carbon black-industry. Several of the principal multinational oil companies have left the business including Ashland, Cities Service Co., Phillips, and Conoco. Some plants have changed ownership. In the United States this has increased the production capacities of Degussa, Sid Richardson, and Huber. Today s U.S. industry consists of six principal producers. Rated capacities of the six U.S. manufacturers is shown in Table 13. Cabot Corp. and Columbian Chemicals are the leading producers, followed by Degussa, Sid Richardson, J. M. Huber Corp., and Witco. A survey of the future markets and present stmcture of the carbon black industry has been presented (1). 

Table 5 Hsts the metal carbonyls that are commercially available and the corresponding U.S. manufacturers or suppHers. Companies produciag these compounds on a captive basis are not iacluded.

Economic Aspects. The Aqualon Co. is the only U.S. manufacturer. It is also produced in Japan by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. Worldwide consumption in 1987 was estimated at 2300 metric tons. 

The principal U.S. manufacturers and/or water service companies that sold or leased chlorine dioxide generating equipment and services in 1991 were Aquatec, Capital Controls, Chemquip, Drew Chemical (Division of Ashland Chemical), Eischer Porter, Prominent Eluid Controls, Rio Linda, and Wallace Tiernan. 

Because complete separation of shell and nib is virtually impossible, various countries have estabUshed maximum allowable limits of shell by weight U.S. manufacturers average from 0.05 to 1%. 

Various processes can be employed to manufacture urea—formaldehyde products. They are generally categorized into two types, ie, dilute solution processes and concentrated solution processes. Table 3 Hsts select U.S. manufacturers of UF reaction products and their products. 

Acetone Cyanohydrin. This cyanohydrin, also known as a-hydroxyisobutyronitnle and 2-methyUactonitrile [75-86-5], is very soluble in water, diethyl ether, and alcohol, but only slightly soluble in carbon disulfide or petroleum ether. Acetone cyanohydrin is the most important commercial cyanohydrin as it offers the principal commercial route to methacrylic acid and its derivatives, mainly methyl methacrylate [80-62-6] (see Methacrylic acid AND derivatives). The principal U.S. manufacturers are Rohm and Haas Co., Du Pont, CyRo Industries, and BP Chemicals. Production of acetone cyanohydrin in 1989 was 582,000 metric tons (30). 

Market Data. The largest U.S. manufacturer of molecular sieves for adsorbent and desiccant use is UOP, which has a production capacity of 18—20 million kg/year. W.R. Grace and Zeochem have about 7 and 2 million kg/year capacity, respectively (55). W.R. Grace is the largest producer of siUca gel desiccants. Activated alumina for use as adsorbent and desiccant is produced by LaRoche Chemicals (formerly Kaiser) and by Aluminum Company of America. About one-third of the U.S. supply of activated alumina adsorbent and desiccant is imported by Rhc ne-Poulenc. 

The Ultem PEI resins compete with PAI, polyarylethersulfone, nylon, and polyester resins in certain markets. General Electric Co. is the sole U.S. manufacturer of PEI resins. High cost coupled with stiff competition from metals and ceramics have limited growth. 

Ill the postwar period, fluidization influenced U.S. manufacture in other areas as well. Most critically, it... 

As explained by R. Branand (55) while U.S. manufacturers are well aware of the barriers imposed on U.S. collaborations by antitrust considerations. However they are usually not as familiar with the opportunities that are encouraged. Properly structured the competitor association can help USA companies achieve goals such as expanding into foreign markets, funding expensive innovations efforts, and lowering production and other... 

Modern SM boilers are widely used for hydronic heating, LP steam applications, and some HP processes. They are available in forced-draft gas, oil, and combination fuel modes, typically producing up to 1,200 hp (41,400 lb/hr). U.S. manufacturers today build to a 5 sq ft of heating surface per hp standard (6,700 Btu/hr/sq ft). 

Almost one half and one fifth of Canadian and U.S. manufacturing, respectively, are located in the Great Lakes Basin ... 

Few details are available on endosulfan s production volume. In 1974, the annual production of endosulfan in the United States was estimated at 3 million pounds (Sittig 1980). However, domestic production was near 5,000 pounds in 1977 (HSDB 1999). The major U.S. manufacturer of endosulfan was FMC Corporation, formerly called the Niagara Chemical Division of Food and Machinery Corporation. FMC Corporation s annual production of endosulfan active ingredient for 1971 was estimated at about 2 million pounds (EPA 1972). According to Coleman and Dolinger (1982), however, this figure may be a low estimate. Endosulfan has not been produced in the United States since 1982 (HSDB 1999) therefore, worldwide production volumes listed after 1982 do not include data for the United States. Worldwide production of endosulfan in 1984 was estimated at 10,000 metric tons (WHO 1984). Current estimates of worldwide production or domestic formulation were not located. 

U.S. production volumes of trichloroethylene in recent years have been reported as follows 299 million pounds in 1978, 319 million in 1979, 266 million in 1980, 258 million in 1981, and 200 million in 1982 (USITC 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983). U.S. production demand for trichloroethylene in 1983, 1985, and 1986 is estimated to be 235, 180, and 170 million pounds, respectively (CMR 1983, 1986). The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) has not published more recent production statistics because there are only two U.S. manufacturers (HSDB 1994). 

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