Diesel-powered vehicles

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Control of diesel-powered vehicles is parhally accomplished by fuel modification to obtain reduced sulfur content and cleaner burning and by proper tuning of the engine using restricted fuel settings to prevent overfueling. 

For example, diesel-powered vehicles operating under stop and go, high-speed, and load driving conditions can experience problems with restarting after the engine... 

Matsumoto and co-workers rationalize their results for BaP levels and the increasing ratio of direct/indi-rect in terms of changes in source strengths. Thus, there was a large decrease in coal consumption in the Sapporo area, from 375,000 tons in 1975 to only 20 tons in 1992. Concurrently, there was a large increase in the number of motor vehicles in that area, from 300,000 in 1975 to over one million in 1992, and the percentage of diesel-powered vehicles went from <10% in 1975 to 32% in 1992. 

Various technologies to deal with these atmospheric environmental issues have been developed and applied. The amounts of NOx and SPM emitted from stationary sources have decreased, but those from motor vehicles, especially diesel-powered vehicles, have not been suppressed due to technological... 

The release of PCDD/PCDF from transport activities was estimated to be very minimal and not reported for uncontrolled combustion processes (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004). In the Department of Environment Malaysia 1997 report, the major sources of air pollution in 1996 were motor vehicles, 82%, power stations, 9%, industrial fuel burning, 5%, industrial production processes, 3%, domestic and commercial furnaces, 0.2%, and open burning at solid waste disposal sites, 0.8% (Afroz et al., 2003). Leaded gasoline has been phased out since 1998 and most cars have been fitted with catalytic converters since then. Consequently, a minimal release of PCDD/PCDF is expected from motor vehicles that are mainly from diesel-powered vehicles. The released air pollutions monitored were CO, N02, S02, 03, and suspended particulate matters. 

NOjc emissions in polluted regions originate from two major sources gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles (primarily automobiles) and... 

The most common exposure pathway is dermal exposure from handling during transfer, fueling, and repair of diesel-powered vehicles. Although the constituents of diesel are not sufficiently volatile for inhalation of vapors to be an exposure route of concern, inhalation of diesel aerosols can occur. Ingestion of diesel, often associated with aspiration into the lungs, can occur as a result of accidental poisoning or suicide attempts. 

Lindfors, L.-E., Eranen, K., Klingstedt, F. and Murzin, D.Yu. (2004) Silver/alumina catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx to N2 by hydrocarbons in diesel powered vehicles. Top. Catal., 28, 185-189. 

As a fourth step, discussion continues for the introduction of emission limits for other exhaust gas components, and for particulate matter of diesel powered vehicles. For example, there has been discussion in the USA and some European countries on separate - additional - emission limits for carbon dioxide, benzene and/or aldehydes. In the USA there is a project to consider an additional ozone-formation factor to be allocated to the tailpipe emission of passenger cars. This is because each exhaust gas component has a different potential to contribute to atmospheric ozone formation. This potential is quantified according to the theory of Carter by the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) factor, expressed as grams of... 

Mean concentrations of CO and 1-NP, which were primarily emitted from combustion processes such as diesel-powered vehicles, were 0.5 ppmv and 85.3 fmol m in September, 0.9 ppmv and 62.7 fmol m in November, and 0.7 ppmv and... 

The U.S. regulatory mandates on criteria emissions have been within reach for gasoline and Diesel-powered vehicles to the present, but in 2007 the mandates will be beyond reach for the Diesel with any kind of sensible emissions abatement scheme. This, combined with a very weak business case based on low fuel taxation, effectively discourages U.S. industry investment in Diesel—the only practical high-fuel-economy alternative to the more conventional and well-known... 

Ball, D.J. and Stack, R.G., Catalysts for diesel powered vehicles. In Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control II, (Ed Crucq, A.) Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 337-51 (1991). 

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