Estimation capacity

The estimated capacity of formamide was approximately 100,000 t/yr worldwide in 1990. In 1993, there are only three significant producers BASE in Germany is the leading manufacturer. Smaller quantities of formamide are produced in the former Czechoslovakia (Sokolov) and Japan (Nitto) by direct synthesis from carbon monoxide and ammonia. Most of the formamide produced is utilized direcdy by the manufacturers. The market price for formamide (ca 1993) is about 2.00/kg. 

The cumene oxidation route is the lea ding commercial process of synthetic phenol production, accounting for more than 95% of phenol produced in the world. The remainder of synthetic phenol is produced by the toluene oxidation route via benzoic acid. Other processes including benzene via cyclohexane, benzene sulfonation, benzene chlorination, and benzene oxychl orin ation have also been used in the manufacture of phenol. A Hst of U.S. phenol production plants and their estimated capacities in 1994 are shown in Table 2, and worldwide plants and capacities are shown in Table 3. 

The production of chlorobenzenes in Eastern Europe is concentrated in the former Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. The estimated capacity is 200—250 thousand metric tons the former Soviet Union has most (230 thousand tons) of this capacity. There is trade between Eastern and Western Europe on monochlorobenzene and the dichlorobenzenes, but the net trade balance is probably even at about 20 thousand metric tons. Eastern Europe exported 20 thousand metric tons of monochlorobenzene principally to Germany, Erance, and the United States. 

The prices of some important chromium chemicals are given ia Table 4, and production and shipment data for sodium chromate and dichromate are given ia Table 5. Data for the productioa and shipment of chromic acid have not been available siace 1972. However, traditionally CrO has held at about 30—35% of sodium dichromate production. The estimated capacity for domestic production of sodium dichromate is 150,000 to 200,000 t/yr. 

There are 12 producers of ethylene oxide ia the United States. Table 9 shows the plant locations, estimated capacities, and types of processes employed. The total U.S. production capacity for 1992 was ca 3.4 x 10 metric tons. The percentages of total domestic production made by the air- and oxygen-based processes are ca 20 and 80%, respectively. The largest producer is Union Carbide Corp. with approximately one-third of the United States ethylene oxide capacity. About 94% of domestic ethylene oxide capacity is located on the Gulf Coast near secure and plentiful ethylene suppHes. Plans for additional U.S. production ia the 1990s have been announced by Union Carbide (incremental expansions), Eormosa Plastics (at Pt. Comfort, Texas), and Shell (at Geismar, Louisiana) (101). 

Figures 9-21G and 9-211 present the proprietary estimating capacity charts for the various sizes of the Intalox packing for a non-foaming system. The system base HETP of a packing is the flat HETP value produced by uniform distribution, see Figure 9-22.

Several reactions have been demonstrated using microreactors. One of the potentially more important is the direct synthesis of MIC from oxygen and methyl formamide over a silver catalyst. Dupont have demonstrated this process using a microreactor cell similar to that described above in which the two reactants are mixed, then heated to 300 °C in a separate layer and subsequently passed through another tube coated with the silver catalyst. The estimated capacity of a single cell with tube diameters of a few millimetres is 18 tpa. 

Estimated capacity is 5 to 10 times greater than granular activated carbon (GAC) for low... 

The estimated worldwide synthetic phenol capacity in 1994 was approximately 5200 thousand tonnes estimated capacities by region were reported as (thousand tonnes) Mexico and South America, 155 Europe, 1967 Japan, 800 Asia, 256 China, 126 and the United States, 1870 (Wallace, 1996). Production in the United States in 1993 was reported to be 1 544 222 tonnes (United States International Trade Commission, 1994). 

The estimated capacity of furmamide was approximately 100.000 t/yr worldwide in 1990. In 1994. there are only three significant producers BASF in Germany is ihe leading manufacturer. Most of the formamide produced in utilized directly by Ihe manufacturers. 

Company Star-up year Estimated capacity, t x lOVyr... 

A useful measure of the estimation capability of a design over a class of models is estimation capacity, which was introduced by Sun (1993) and then used by Li and Nachtsheim (2000) in a criterion for the construction of model-robust factorial designs. Estimation capacity (EC) is defined as... 

For some numbers of factors and runs, full estimation capacity designs do not exist. The objective is then to find a design that maximizes EC—called an EC-optimal design. The construction of EC-optimal designs is discussed in the first part of this chapter. 

Several criteria for design selection have been proposed in the literature. The choice of criterion depends on the objective of the experiment. Here, criteria for model estimation capacity and model discrimination capability are described. 

Orthogonal Designs Optimal Under Estimation Capacity... 

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