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Type 2 diabetes insulin

PPARy White adipose tissue, atherosclerotic lesions Insulin-sensitizing and glucoselowering re-directs TG from non-adipose tissues and visceral adipose depots for storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue slowed progression of atherosclerosis Fatty acids, eico-sanoids Th iazolid i ned iones pioglitazone (Actos ), rosiglita-zone (Avandia ) Type 2 diabetes, (insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome)... [Pg.945]

Insulin lispro Insulin lispro has a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than regular human insulin. Therefore, in patients with type 1 diabetes, use in regimens that include a longer-acting insulin. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin lispro may be used without a longer-acting insulin when used in... [Pg.291]

Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes Insulin resistance alone will not lead to type 2 diabetes. Rather, type 2 diabetes develops in insulin-resistant individuals who also show impaired p cell function. Insulin resistance and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes is commonly observed in the elderly, and in individuals who are obese, physically inactive, or in women who are pregnant. These patients are unable to sufficiently compensate for insulin resistance with increased insulin release. Figure 25.8 shows the time course for the develpment of hyperglycemia and the destruction of P cells. [Pg.340]

The SNAC/heparin combination has been evaluated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Furthermore, in phase I clinical trials dosing insulin in combination with SNAC a rapid elevation of plasma insulin and a subsequent decrease in plasma glucose levels were observed. In a phase II clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin was orally administered in combination with SNAC and metformin failing to achieve significant superior glycemic control over treatment with metformin alone (Hoffman and Qadri 2008). [Pg.89]

Rosenstock J, Sugimoto D, Strange P et al. Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes insulin glargine or rosigli-tazone added to combination therapy of sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients. Diabetes Care 2006 29 554-559. [Pg.85]

Boden, G, Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2001. 30(4) 801-815, v. [Pg.34]

Monoester 4-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-l-carboxylic acid 59 (Figure 4.17) is a building block of many potential therapeutic candidates for inhibitors of 11-p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme and their use in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, metabolic syndrome, and CNS disorders. It is also required for the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists, useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders and schizophrenia [90,91]. [Pg.85]

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. [Pg.240]

Type 1—Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes... [Pg.487]

Insulin glargine is given SC once daily at bedtime This type of insulin is used in the treatment of adults and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in adults widi type 2 diabetes who need long-acting insulin for die control of hyperglycemia. [Pg.493]

Fatty acids are synthesized by an extramitochondrial system, which is responsible for the complete synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. In the rat, the pathway is well represented in adipose tissue and liver, whereas in humans adipose tissue may not be an important site, and liver has only low activity. In birds, lipogenesis is confined to the liver, where it is particularly important in providing lipids for egg formation. In most mammals, glucose is the primary substrate for lipogenesis, but in ruminants it is acetate, the main fuel molecule produced by the diet. Critical diseases of the pathway have not been reported in humans. However, inhibition of lipogenesis occurs in type 1 (insulin-de-pendent) diabetes mellitus, and variations in its activity may affect the nature and extent of obesity. [Pg.173]

Osterode W, Holler C, Ulberth F (1996) Nutritional antioxidants, red cell membrane fluidity and blood viscosity in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 13(12) 1044-1050... [Pg.307]

Availability. Some 170 million people suffer from diabetes worldwide, a figure projected to double by 2030. Insulin administration is essential to the survival of those with type-1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes, and is required to control the progression of a minority of those with (the more common) insulin-independent type-2 diabetes. The annual insulin requirement has surpassed 5000 kg and continues to grow, prompting concern of an insulin shortfall from slaughterhouse sources. [Pg.296]

There are two types of diabetes, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. Between 90-95% of the estimated 13-14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin-dependent, or Type II, diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to identify at first therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not know they have it. For instance, someone who has developed Type II diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing why. This can be particularly dangerous because untreated... [Pg.225]

Therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is usually achieved by daily subcutaneous injections of insulin, and insulin-mimetics which can be orally administered may be useful for the treatment of type I diabetes (insulin dependent) if suitable complexes of low toxicity can be identified (510, 511). [Pg.267]

In patients with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not adequately treated with insulin, fatty add release from adipose tissue and ketone synthesis in the liver exceed the ability of other tissues to metabolize them, and a profound, life-threatening ketoaddosis may ocxnir. An infection or trauma (causing an increase in cortisol or epinephrine) may predpitate an episode of ketoaddosis. Patients with type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes meUitus (NIDDM) are much less likely to show ketoaddosis. The basis for this observation is not completely understood, although type 2 disease has a much slower, insidious onset, and insulin resistance in the periphery is usually not complete. Type 2 diabetics can develop ketoacidosis after an infection or trauma. In certain populations with NIDDM, ketoaddosis is much more common than previously appredated. [Pg.232]

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. [Pg.160]

Hypersensitivity to sulfonylureas diabetes complicated by ketoacidosis, with or without coma sole therapy of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus diabetes when complicated by pregnancy. [Pg.314]

Captopr/V- Treatment of diabetic nephropathy (proteinuria greater than 500 mg/day) in patients with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and retinopathy. [Pg.573]

In the treatment of diabetic nephropathy associated with type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, captopril decreases the rate of progression of renal insufficiency and retards the worsening of renal function. [Pg.212]

Kolb, H., and Kolb-Bachofen, V. (1992a). Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and nitric oxide. Diabetologia 35, 796-797. [Pg.211]

Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Corbett, J. A., McDaniel, M. L., and Nerup, J. (1993). What are the types and cellular sources of free radicals in the pathogenesis of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 36, 470-471. [Pg.213]

Diabetes mellitus is defined as an elevated blood glucose associated with absent or inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion, with or without concurrent impairment of insulin action. The disease states underlying the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are now classified into four categories type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes) type 2, non-insulin-dependentdiabetes) type 3, other, and type 4, gestational diabetes mellitus (Expert Committee, 2003). [Pg.929]

For persons with type 1 diabetes, insulin replacement therapy is necessary to sustain life. Pharmacologic insulin is administered by injection into the subcutaneous tissue using a manual injection device or an insulin pump that continuously infuses insulin under the skin. Interruption of the insulin replacement therapy can be life-threatening and can result in diabetic ketoacidosis or death. Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by insufficient or absent insulin and results from excess release of fatty acids and subsequent formation of toxic levels of ketoacids. [Pg.929]

Millions of people with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus inject themselves daily with pure insulin to compensate for the lack of production of this critical hormone by their own pancreatic fi cells. Insulin injection is not a cure for diabetes, but it allows people who otherwise would have died young to lead long and productive lives. The discovery of insulin, which began with an accidental observation, illustrates the combination of serendipity and careful experimentation that led to the discovery of many of the hormones. [Pg.883]

When the rate of formation of ketone bodies is greater than the rate of their use, their levels begin to rise in the blood (ketonemia) and eventually in the urine (ketonuria). These two conditions are seen most often in cases of uncontrolled, type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In such individuals, high fatty acid degradation produces excessive amounts of acetyl CoA. It also depletes the NAD+ pool and increases the NADH pool, which slows the TCA cycle (see p. 112). This forces the excess acetyl CoA into the ketone body pathway. In diabetic individuals with severe ketosis, urinary excre-... [Pg.195]

A 43-year-old man with type 1 diabetes developed local pruritus, redness, and swelling 4—5 times a week, 15-20 minutes after an injection, subsiding within 1-2 hours (163). Later he had a generalized urticarial reaction 5 minutes after an injection. Insulin lispro did not help. When checked for allergens, he was positive for all types of insulin and negative for additives. With oral mizolastine the local reactions abated for a week, but then reappeared with every injection. Generalized urticaria recurred later. With continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion... [Pg.402]

Chantelau E, Spraul M, Muhlhauser I, Gause R, Berger M. Long-term safety, efficacy and side-effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus a one centre experience. Diabetologia 1989 32(7) 421-6. [Pg.419]

When insulin lispro and insulin aspart were compared in a single-blind, randomized, crossover study in 14 patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin lispro had a faster onset of action but a shorter duration (11). However, in another study the pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin aspart compared with human insulin were the same in 24 healthy Japanese as in non-Japanese (12). Insulin aspart and insulin lispro were equally effective in another 24 patients with type 1 diabetes (13). [Pg.422]

A 45-year-old man with type 2 diabetes treated with glibenclamide and metformin received combined chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin s lymphoma and was given premixed insulin. He developed local wheal-and-flare reactions immediately after the injections. Skin prick tests were positive for various types of insulin but weakly positive for lispro and negative for insulin aspart. He tolerated aspart insulin without any allergic reactions. [Pg.423]

Diabetes is a chronic condition that can present in two different ways type-1 insulin-dependent diabetes or the more common type-2 insulin non-dependent diabetes. In both instances it is the resulting hyperglycemia that is thought to be primarily responsible for the disease facies. Although diabetes is a systemic condition that affects all parts of the body, for the purposes of this discussion the endothelium will be the main point of focus, since the most complete data regarding the role of annexins in diabetes have come from studies examining their actions in endothelial cells. [Pg.8]

Thl proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-y, IL-1/3, IL-12, and TNF-a released by macrophage and T lymphocytes in the vicinity of pancreatic beta cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Moreover, IL-18 serum levels are increased selectively during the early, subclinical stage of type I diabetes mellitus (N5). [Pg.18]


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